<p>William Dorsheimer House is a historic home located at Buffalo in Erie County, New York that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was designed and built in 1868 by Henry Hobson Richardson (1838–1886) for William Dorsheimer (1832–1888), prominent local lawyer and Lieutenant Governor of New York. It is a 2 1/2-story brick dwelling and represents the profound influence of French ideas on the arts in the post Civil War period.</p><br>
<p>Note: This includes</p><br>
<h3>Design</h3><br>
<p>The three-story building is of a relatively simple design featuring incised decorations of rosettes and triglyphs. The house features horizontal bands of gray sandstone across the ochre brick facade and vertical stone at the buildings corners. The windows on the structure are framed by vertical bands of the same gray sandstone and are in perpendicular rows. The mansard roof is made of slate and features large dormers.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h3>H. H. Richardson</h3><br>
<p>The Dorsheimer home was the first Richardson building in Buffalo and proved to be a significant commission in Richardsons career as it led to some of Richardsons greatest achievements. In 1877, while Dorsheimer was Lieutenant Governor of New York, Richardson was commissioned, along with Frederick Law Olmsted and Leopold Eidlitz, to complete the New York State Capitol and later, Albany City Hall.</p><br>
<p>Also in Buffalo, Richardson designed the Buffalo State Hospital (in 1870), and the William Gratwick House (1886-1888). The Gratwick House was a few blocks north of the Dorsheimer House, at the corner of Delaware and Summer, but was torn down in 1919.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The interior has been completely remodeled to allow for commercial use and one main, open-well stairway remains. The stairway extends from the first floor (north entrance) to the third floor. The staircase appears to have been moved to the north to allow for additional space in the rooms to the south.</p><br>
<p>Kontopouli  is a village and a community in the municipal unit of Moudros in the northeastern part of the island of Lemnos, Greece. In 2011 its population was 623 for the village and 634 for the community, which includes the small villages Agios Alexandros and Agios Theodoros. Its total area is 37.04 km². Kontopouli is 1 km northwest of Kalliopi, 3 km east of Repanidi and 8 km northeast of Moudros.</p><br>
<p>There are several small farming settlements around Kontopouli. Most of them are presently uninhabited, but some date back to the Byzantine era. The most important of these is Agios Alexandros. Other villages are Dimosia, Agios Georgios Amniou (near the Alyki lake), Neftina (on the bay in the northwest where the Turkish manor of Haji Pasha was located), Agios Theodoros (also Saravari) and Geranos (also Ageranou).</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>The name</h2><br>
<p>The village owes its name to the Byzantine landowner Kontopoulos who donated part of the area to the Great Lavra monastery on Mount Athos, according to the historian Komninos Pyromaglou. It was referred to in 19th century local records as Kondopoul, a name still used by locals. It became a commune in 1918 and changed its name to Kontopoulion.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>According to oral tradition, the village was founded by residents from Kotsinos and Agios Ypatios. Evidently at the end of the 17th century when Kotsinos was abandoned, many inhabitants resettled in Kontopouli. The origin of part of its inhabitants from Agios Ypatios is confirmed by the fact that the local church is dedicated to Saint Hypatius.</p><br>
<p>Kontopouli was first mentioned in 1739, during the Turkish rule, by Pococke as Ontopol. In 1788 Choiseul-Gouffier mentioned it on his map as a nameless village, and in 1858 Conze mentioned it as Kondopuli. From the early 19th century, the village developed into the main village of northeast Lemnos. In 1856, 370 men between the ages of 18 and 50 paid 11,840 kuruş in order to avoid army conscription, which underlines the importance of the village. Conze mentioned it as a large, tall and comfortably situated village.</p><br>
<h3>Late 19th century</h3><br>
<p>From the late 19th century, the population began to decline as several people moved to nearby Panagia. It had 204 families in 1863, and only 190 in 1874. It had 281 people in 1874. Since 1863, it had a school, located on the grounds of Agios Dimitrios and also receiving students from Kalliopi and Panagia. The old building was demolished in 1948. In 1874, it joined the network of 12 community schools around the island. It had three classes and from 1903, five classes.</p><br>
<p>The impressive church of Agios Dimitrios was completely reconstructed between 1892 and 1902, using building materials from the ruins of ancient Hephaistia. It is a three-aisled basilica with a dome. The church was paid for by Emmanouil and Despoina Dimitriadis, a merchant family from Alexandria.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>In the last years of Turkish rule, Kontopouli developed with fast pace. The Kontopolians had three representatives in the provincial council. The growth continued during the interwar years and the village was the third most populated community on the island in 1940. Its population was 997 in 1920 and rose to 1,208 in 1940. Due to its population growth, an independent girls&#39; school operated between 1916 and 1925. The new school built by Dimitriadis was not sufficient, and in 1930, a new school funded by the Egyptian Konstantinos Evangelidis was opened, which still operates today. In 1937, a kindergarten school was opened.</p><br>
<p>In 1928 the other church (Agia Anastasia) was completely renovated. The excavations of the ancient sites at Palaiopoli (Hephaistia) and Chloe (Kaveirio) began in 1926. The athletic club Hephaestia was founded in 1932 and is one of the oldest in the island. In 1927, a large fountain was built, paid by the community of Kontopouli. The main health problem, which affected all the villages around the Chortarolimni lagoon, was malaria.</p><br>
<h3>Modern period</h3><br>
<p>During the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II, Kontopouli was ruled by the German army. It suffered a lot of damage to its schools and its public buildings. During the Greek Civil War, the poet Yiannis Ritsos lived in exile in Kontopouli. He mentioned the village in his works. After the war, emigration affected the village, its population fell from 1,136 in 1951 to 650 in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>Localities</h2><br>
<h3>Kastrovouni</h3><br>
<p>The hill Kastrovouni (also Kastrovouno) was mentioned around 1355 as property of the Karakallos Monastery. The remains of a medieval underground construction have been found, probably a church, but some suggested it to be the ancient labyrinth of Lemnos which was mentioned by Pliny. In 1884, I. Pantelidis made excavations and founded marble inscriptions. In 1904 Fredrich found that they were the ruins of the medieval Kastrovouni castle, probably from the 14th century. In 1917, Sealy described and photographed the underground building, which measured 40 by 12–14 feet. Today there is a chapel to Saint Spyridon on the hill, and chapels to St. Blaise and St. John in Palaiopoli.</p><br>
<h3>Dimosia</h3><br>
<p>Dimosia is a former village north of Kontopouli, and just north of Agios Alexandros. It was mentioned in 1415 in a document of the monastery of Great Lavra on Mount Athos as ai Dimosiai. By the middle of the 19th century it was abandoned, as was the whole area of Lemnos north of Kontopoulos. In 1858 the German traveler Conze found cultivation in major parts of the plain between Cape Plaka and Kontopouli but no settlement. There were only isolated huts, which locals called estates and all the lands belonged to residents of Agios Ypatios and Kontopoulos.</p><br>
<p>When the estates passed into Christian ownerships, settlements started to develop around them. One of them was Dimosia, first marked on the 1904 map of Fredrich. But it was deserted again, and the only remnants of the settlement are some cattle walls and the chapels of Saint George and Saint Demetrios.</p><br>
<h2>Sports</h2><br>
<p>The athletic games Erimakeia, named after the benefactor of the sports club Kostas Erimakis, are held in the good sports stadium of the village. For many years it was the only stadium on the island.</p><br>
<p>Khar Lake , is located in the Khovd aimag  in western Mongolia&#39;s Great Lakes Depression.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>It is also known as Ha-la Hu, Hara Nuur, Har Nuur, Khara Nur, Khar Nuur, and Ozero Kara-Nor</p><br>
<p>It should be distinguished from the similarly named Khar Lake (Zavkhan), another lake further east in Mongolia.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>It is part of a group of lakes that were once part of a larger prehistoric lake that disappeared 5,000 years ago as the region became drier.</p><br>
<p>Some sources are using different Khar Lake statistics values:</p><br>
<p>Water level: 1,134.08 m</p><br>
<p>Surface area: 565.2 km²</p><br>
<p>Average depth: 4.14 m</p><br>
<p>Volume: 2.34 km³.</p><br>
<h3>Water Balance</h3><br>
<p>Khar Lake has a single inflow - Chono Kharaikh Gol river, which creates a river delta.</p><br>
<p>Khar Lake has a connection to Dörgön Nuur south of it.</p><br>
<p>The First Missionary Baptist Church is a Gothic Revival style church located at 701 South Gaines Street in Little Rock, Arkansas. It was built in 1882, and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. It is home to one of the oldest African-American congregations in the state, first organized in 1845.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the spring of 1845, a slave gathered enough courage to ask his master to allow him to form a church for the slaves to worship. This was a bold move, because slaves were thought of as chattel, and were bought and sold at will. The slave name was Rev. Wilson Brown.</p><br>
<p>Rev. Brown with the help of his master Major Fields, and a white Baptist minister, on the first Thursday night in April 1845, established the First Negro Baptist Church. Although they didn’t have a building in which they could meet for services. So all gathered on May 2, 1847, and assemble what is called a brush arbor. The location was Tenth and Spring Street in Little Rock, Arkansas. God blessed the congregation to grow and gave them another miracle, a new building on the corner of Seventh and Gaines Street. This is still the site of the church today.</p><br>
<p>In April 1963, four months to the day of the famous "I have a dream" speech, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. gave the 118th anniversary sermon. In 1990, only months before announcing his presidential aspirations, then-Governor Bill Clinton gave a rousing 145th church anniversary address.</p><br>
<p>The Fordyce House is a historic house at 2115 South Broadway in Little Rock, Arkansas. Built in 1904 to a design by noted Arkansas architect Charles L. Thompson, it is believed to be the state&#39;s only example of Egyptian Revival residential design. It is two stories in height, with narrow clapboard trim. A recessed porch shelters the main entrance, with the stairs leading up to flanked at the top by two heavy Egyptian columns. The second floor windows are banded in groups of three and the roof has a deep cornice with curved brackets. John Fordyce, for whom it was built, was a prominent businessman and engineer who held numerous patents related to cotton-processing machinery.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>The Ragland House is a historic house at 1617 South Center Street in Little Rock, Arkansas. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with asymmetrical massing characteristic of the Queen Anne period. Its exterior is elaborately decorated with bands of cut shingles on the second level, and a bulbed turret at one corner. A single-story porch wraps around the tower to the side, with a jigsawn valance and Stick style balustrade. Built about 1891-92, it is unusual as an early work of the noted Arkansas architect Charles L. Thompson, who is better known for more Colonial Revival designs. The house was built for Mr. and Mrs. William Ragland. After the Raglands moved, Mrs. Ragland&#39;s parents, Edmond and Henriette Urguhart lived there until his death in 1905.</p><br>
<p>The Rose Building is a historic commercial building at 307 Main Street in Little Rock, Arkansas. It was built in 1900 from the plans of George R. Mann, and is named for Arkansas Supreme Court Chief Justics Uriah M. Rose. It is a prominent local example of commercial Classical Revival architecture. The building was built originally as an office property and by the early to mid twentieth century housed retail when the city&#39;s Main Street was the major shopping district. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The building is currently owned by private investors, who acquired it in 2002. It is managed and represented in the commercial real estate (CRE) market by the national CRE investments and development organization, Doyle Rogers Company.</p><br>
<p>The Eagle Hotel is a historic hotel building at 110 North Main Street in Concord, New Hampshire, located across the street from the New Hampshire State House. The oldest portions of this large brick building were built in 1851, on the site of the Eagle Coffee House, which had burned down the year before. As built then, it was four stories in height and twelve bays wide. On the ground level, the central four bays have rounded arches leading to the main entrance to the hotel area. The outer bays are taken up by retail storefronts. In 1890 its original gable roof was removed, a fifth floor was built, with a flat roof. At that time the decorative cornice that now adorns the top of the building was added. These alterations were designed by Worcester architect Amos P. Cutting.</p><br>
<p>A place where the politically powerful in the state gathered, it is portrayed in the best-selling novel of 1906, Coniston, as the "Pelican Hotel". The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>Sacajawea Peak is a peak in the Wallowa Mountains, in the USA state of Oregon. It is in the Eagle Cap Wilderness and the Wallowa–Whitman National Forest.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>At 9,838 ft, Sacajawea Peak is the highest point in the Wallowa Mountains, and the 6th highest peak in Oregon. Matterhorn, another peak in the Wallowa Mountains, is about the same height at Sacajawea Peak, and some sources claim it is actually slightly higher.</p><br>
<p>Sacajawea&#39;s prominence of 6,377 ft, makes it one of the most topographically prominent peaks in the United States. It is ranked 18th among peaks in the 48 contiguous states. It is the 2nd most prominent peak in Oregon, after Mount Hood.</p><br>
<p>The nearest peak higher than Sacajawea is Pinyon Peak, in the Rocky Mountains of Idaho, 126 mi to the east. This makes Sacajawea Peak the 25th most topographically isolated peak of the United States.</p><br>
<p>Sacajawea Peak is the highest summit in the Eagle Cap Wilderness and the Wallowa-Whitman National Forest. It is just northwest of Hurwal Divide, 1 mi north of Matterhorn, 1.4 mi northwest of Ice Lake, and 8 mi south of Joseph.</p><br>
<p>Sacajawea Peak is connected by high ridges to Matterhorn. Both are connected to Hurwal Divide, a high ridge extending east and north from Sacajawea and Matterhorn. A high pass connects Hurwal Divide to Chief Joseph Mountain, to the north. These mountains and high ridges form a unit separated from the rest of the Wallowas by river valleys, with the West Fork Wallowa River flows north along the east edge and Hurricane Creek along the west. Numerous tributaries flow from the high mountains to these rivers. Sacajawea Peak is closer to Hurricane Creek, and several tributary streams rise on the slopes of Sacajawea, such as Thorp Creek. To the west of Sacajawea Peak, across the valley of Hurricane Creek, is the high ridge of Hurricane Divide, which separates Hurricane Creek from Lostine River. South of the Sacajawea and Matterhorn high lands is Lake Basin, in which the Lostine River, West Fork Wallowa River, and Hurricane Creek originate among many small lakes. To the north and east of Sacajawea Peak and Chief Joseph Mountain the Wallowa Mountains come to an end at Wallowa Lake, just south of the town of Joseph. A road runs south from Joseph along the east side of Wallowa Lake and into the valley of the Wallowa River. A number of recreation opportunities are located there, south of Wallowa Lake, including Wallowa Lake State Park and the Wallowa Lake Tramway on Mount Howard.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Sacajawea Peak is named for Sacagawea, the Shoshone woman who traveled with the Lewis and Clark Expedition. A proposal to change the name Sacajawea Peak to Sacagawea Peak was submitted in February 1998. In December 1999, the proposal was rejected by the United States Board on Geographic Names.</p><br>
<p>The Farrell Houses are a group of four houses on South Louisiana Street in Little Rock, Arkansas. All four houses are architecturally significant Bungalow/Craftsman buildings designed by the noted Arkansas architect Charles L. Thompson as rental properties for A.E. Farrell, a local businessman, and built in 1914. All were individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places for their association with Thompson. All four are also contributing properties to the Governor&#39;s Mansion Historic District, to which they were added in a 1988 enlargement of the district boundaries.</p><br>
<p>The house at 2109 South Louisiana is a two-story frame structure, its exterior finished in dark brown brick and stucco, with a large projecting gable section at the right front. Its roof has exposed rafter ends, and its recessed porch is supported by large Craftsman brackets. 2111 South Louisiana, also two stories, has an exterior of red brick and stucco, with three smaller gabled dormers, and a shed-roof porch. 2115 South Louisiana is differentiated from the first two by having a front-facing gable roof, with a clipped top, and a projecting gabled section on the left. The entrance is to its right, set under a shed-roof porch. The main house finish is red brick, with half-timbered stucco in the gables. 2121 South Louisiana is finished in dark brown brick, with brown-stuccoed half-timbered gable ends, and a cross-gabled tile roof with clipped gable ends that also featured exposed after ends and large Craftsman brackets.</p><br>
<p>Grassy Island is a small, uninhabited 72 acre American island in the Detroit River. It is located just north of Grosse Ile and west of Fighting Island, about 600 ft west of the Canada–United States border. The island is part of the city of Wyandotte, in Wayne County. The island is part of the Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge. Grassy Island should not be confused with Grass Island, which is an island of Ontario on the exact opposite side of the Detroit River.</p><br>
<p>Grassy Island was first charted by French explorers in 1796 as Ile Marecageuse (Marshy Island). At the time, the islands size was only six acres (2.4 ha), and the whole length of the Detroit River was a prominent coastal marshland. During the nineteenth century, the island was primarily used as a fishery and later was home to the Grassy Island Light. From around 1960–1982, the island served as a disposal facility for millions of cubic meters of toxic soil dredged from the nearby River Rouge, and the islands size was increased dramatically. Because of that, the island remains heavily contaminated today.</p><br>
<h2>Expansion</h2><br>
<p>When Detroit underwent rapid industrialization beginning at the turn at the twentieth century, much of the pollutants from the growing industries found their way into the Detroit River and had devastating consequences on the ecosystem. When the Detroit River became so polluted as to warrant federal intervention, Congress declared Grassy Island and the surrounding area as part of the Wyandotte National Wildlife Refuge in 1961.</p><br>
<p>When the dredging project was completed, Grassy Island swelled from its original 6 acre to 72 acre. Because of the island&#39;s massive expansion, it can be considered an artificial island, as no real remnants of the original island are seen today. The mouth of the River Rouge was effectively diverted to an easier route (creating the artificial Zug Island in the process) with all the sediments from this new River Rouge route being dumped at Grassy Island with no regard to the amount of pollutants that were within the soil. The island now has an unnatural appearance and composition. The sides of the island are steep earthen dikes used to hold up the island, and this can pose a variety of hazards for those who attempt to dock boats at the shore or walk on the island.</p><br>
<h2>Pollution</h2><br>
<p>Around the time that Grassy Island became a disposal facility for the dredging of the nearby River Rouge in 1960, at least nine major industries (including the Ford River Rouge Complex) freely dumped their waste products into that river. This caused a huge buildup of toxic waste around the mouth of the river— the exact location where the sediments came from that were deposited on Grassy Island. The soil that was deposited on Grassy Island was highly contaminated from Detroit&#39;s unregulated industrialism for many decades. Grassy Island is now contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyl, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, and lethal amounts of harmful heavy metals, such as mercury and lead.</p><br>
<p>While there is no imminent danger to human trespassers because of a thin layer of protective topsoil on Grassy Island, public access is prohibited but not often enforced. While the site has not been declared a Superfund site, similar procedures are being used by the Environmental Protection Agency and other organizations to clean up Grassy Island. In 1994, the Department of the Interior began working on Grassy Island in order to find remedies for such hazardous sites. Currently, the island is still being evaluated to see if the many contaminants within the soil are leaking into the surrounding Detroit River.</p><br>
<p>In 2001, the Wyandotte National Wildlife Refuge, including Grassy Island, was absorbed into the newly created Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge, which allowed for more federal funds necessary to clean up the river. Large portions of land have been set aside for ecological restoration. Because of this, much of the Detroit River has been cleaned up, and a number of native animal and plant species have returned.</p><br>
<p>Mamajuda Island, sometimes identified as Mama Juda Island, is an American island in the Detroit River. It is located just east of the northern tip of Grosse Ile  and about 500 feet  west of the Canada–United States border. The island is part of Grosse Ile Township in Wayne County, Michigan. It is the smallest of all charted islands in the Detroit River.</p><br>
<p>The former 30-acre (12 ha) island has since been lost due to erosion. Only a very small portion of it, consisting of a few boulders, appears above water during times of low water levels. Because of that, the island has no definitive size and cannot be used for any purposes. The island does not appear on many maps anymore, but it can be seen on some of the most precise online maps. The island is part of the much larger Mamajuda Island Shoal, which runs along the east coast of Grosse Ile. The shoal is about 3–8 feet (0.9–2.4 m) beneath the surface and runs all the way to Grassy Island. The area, including Mamajuda Island, has since become part of the Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge.</p><br>
<p>The island was originally named after an American Indian woman who regularly camped on the island during fishing season. In 1849, the Mama Juda Lighthouse was built on the island, and the lighthouse keeper and his family were the island&#39;s only inhabitants. The lighthouse itself was rebuilt in 1866. However, the loose composition of the island was subject to slow erosion that eventually washed away the lighthouse in 1950. The whole island itself disappeared by 1960, and only a few boulders from the former island periodically protrude above the surface. However, because of the underlying shoal, the area can pose a hazard for boating in the area, especially for large lake freighters that regularly travel within close proximity.</p><br>
<p>The Governor&#39;s Mansion Historic District is a historic district covering a large historic neighborhood of Little Rock, Arkansas. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 and its borders were increased in 1988 and again in 2002. The district is notable for the large number of well-preserved late 19th and early 20th-century houses, and includes a major cross-section of residential architecture designed by the noted Little Rock architect Charles L. Thompson. It is the oldest city neighborhood to retain its residential character.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The district is located south of Little Rocks central business district, in an area that was, until 1869, a country estate. The area was heavily developed between 1880 and 1940. It includes a number of high quality Queen Anne Victorians, including the Hornibrook House, a particularly fine example of the style in brick. One of the citys finest examples of Colonial Revival architecture, the Hotze House, stands at 1619 S. Louisiana Street. The Craftsman style is the best represented of the period styles in the district, with more than 92 houses, most two-story brick structures built in a modest scale. The district includes five historically significant churches, out of ten within its bounds.</p><br>
<p>When the district was first listed in 1978, the district covered a 65 acre area bounded by the Arkansas Governor&#39;s Mansion grounds, 13th, Center, Gaines, and 18th Streets. However, there was concern over the scope of this listing, and the city later performed a detailed survey of a much larger area. This resulted in a significant expansion of the district in 1988, adding 224.5 acre and including 473 contributing buildings, roughly bounded by Louisiana St., Twenty-Third St. & Roosevelt Rd., Chester and State Sts., & Thirteenth & Twelfth Sts. It has since had smaller amendments and enlargements in 1993, 1996, 1999, and 2002. The 2002 increase added 12 contributing buildings in a 4.8 acre area located roughly along Louisiana Ave., from W. 23rd St. and 24th St.</p><br>
<p>The Church of St Peter and St Paul in Muchelney, Somerset, England has Saxon origins, however the current building largely dates from the 15th century. It has been designated as a Grade I listed building.</p><br>
<p>The church, which is adjacent to the site of Muchelney Abbey and close to the River Parrett, has a ceiling enlivened with Jacobean paintings of bare-breasted angels, their nudity thought to symbolize innocent purity. They were painted in the early 17th century.</p><br>
<p>The church also contains a barrel organ built by Gray and Davison and installed around 1835 to 1840. It is the last one known to be still in the church where it was first installed and still in working order.</p><br>
<p>There is a three-bay aisled nave and a chancel with a short chapel on either side.</p><br>
<p>It has a three-stage Somerset tower, dating from around 1468, supported by pairs of full-height corner buttresses. The south-east octagonal stair turret leads to an outer door.</p><br>
<p>The parish is part of the Langport Area Team Ministry benefice within the Ilchester deanery.</p><br>
<p>The Argenta Historic District encompasses significant historic elements of central North Little Rock, Arkansas. The area that is now central North Little Rock was known as Argenta when it was first settled, and remained unincorporated until it was annexed to Little Rock in 1890. William Faucette, a leading Argenta politician and businessman, orchestrated the incorporation of North Little Rock just beyond the annexed area in 1901, and then made a successful petition to separate Argenta from Little Rock into the new municipality in 1903. Subsequent attempts to rename North Little Rock to Argenta have failed.</p><br>
<p>The district consists of two discontinuous areas, one commercial and the other residential. The commercial section consists of a three-block stretch of Main Street, between Broadway Street and 6th Street. Three blocks west of this area is the residential area, which is centered on a stretch of Willow Street from 4th to Melrose Circle, that also includes properties on adjoining blocks of cross streets in between. The district was first listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993. In 2002 it was amended to change the status of five buildings to contributing status, as they had undergone appropriate historic restoration work.</p><br>
<p>The commercial section of the district was primarily developed between 1900 and 1940, and includes 18 historically significant buildings, including six that are separately listed on the National Register: North Little Rock City Hall, the former North Little Rock Post Office (now the Argenta Branch Library), the Faucette Building, and the Old Central Fire Station are among them. The residential section includes 177 buildings in total, of which 77 were initially deemed historically significant, including the separately-listed Baker House and Barth-Hempfling House. Many of the non-contributing properties are of an appropriate age, and were only excluded because of the application of inappropriate exterior siding materials and other reversible or restorable alterations. The majority of residential buildings are Craftsman in style, although there are large numbers of vernacular versions of the Colonial Revival present as well.</p><br>
<p>The Church of St Mary Magdalene in Stocklinch, Somerset, England, dates from the 13th century. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building, and is a redundant church in the care of the Churches Conservation Trust. The church was declared redundant on 28 July 1972, and was vested in the Trust on 13 November 1973.</p><br>
<p>The church, which is 62 x is built of local Ham stone with a Welsh slate roof.</p><br>
<p>The interior includes Victorian stained glass, and a 13th-century effigy of a woman on the sill of the south window. The font is Norman. In the porch is a Daisy Wheel mark which is believed to be a protection against ill-fortune and are common in England and Wales.</p><br>
<p>The parish is part of the Winsmoor benefice within the Crewkerne and Ilminster deanery.</p><br>
<p>The Church of St Peter and St Paul in South Petherton, Somerset, England has Saxon origins. It retains a 13th-century crosswing, with the remainder of the buildings dating from the 15th century, however it underwent major restorations in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It has been designated as a grade I listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History and architecture</h2><br>
<p>In its early history the church was connected to Bruton Abbey until the dissolution of the monasteries.</p><br>
<p>The tower is an irregular octagon on plan, wider on its east-west axis, which is believed to be the tallest octagonal church tower in the United Kingdom. It was erected in stages, the lower portion is from the 13th century with the upper stages added in the 15th.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>The church is home to several fine brass effigies. The effigies of Sir Giles Daubeney (d. 1445/46), and his first wife Joan. The effigies were engraved in around 1430.</p><br>
<p>Also in the South Chapel is a Ham stone effigy of an earlier member of the Daubeney family dating from no later than 1300. The effigy is of a man clad in mail and was found at Pitway, South Petherton on 7 March 1929.</p><br>
<p>There is some stained glass but much of it was destroyed during the English Civil War.</p><br>
<h2>Bells</h2><br>
<p>The tower houses a ring of 12 bells, augmented by a flat sixth which enables two octaves to be rung. The bells were recast in 1998; the treble weighs while the heaviest bell, the tenor, weighs.</p><br>
<p>On 17 October 2015, the church was the venue for a successful attempt at a change ringing record, when 21,216 changes of the Cambridge Surprise Maximus method were rung non-stop by a band of twelve visiting ringers between 7am and 9.30pm. This broke the previous record of 16,368 changes set in 1965 at Birmingham Cathedral, and followed a previous unsuccessful attempt at South Petherton in 2014. The record stood for just over two years before being broken by a peal of 25,056 changes of Bristol Surprise Maximus rung in just over 16 hours at St Anne&#39;s on Alderney in the Channel Islands on 25 October 2017.</p><br>
<p>Butterley Reservoir is a reservoir in Derbyshire, England. The reservoir was built to provide water for the Cromford Canal which opened for use in 1794. The Codnor Park and Butterley Park reservoirs also provided water to the Cromford Canal. The currently disused Cromford Canal passes beneath the reservoir along the Butterley Tunnel. When the canal tunnel was in use water was provided to the canal directly from the reservoir via an adit which connects to the Butterley tunnel.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir is crossed by a causeway on the Midland Railway - Butterley&#39;s line between Butterley railway station and Hammersmith railway station, the latter being a new creation.</p><br>
<p>A variety of waterfowl can be seen on the reservoir, and fishing is allowed with a permit.</p><br>
<p>The Archbishop&#39;s Palace is an historic 14th-century and 16th-century building on the east bank of the River Medway in Maidstone, Kent. Originally a home from home for travelling archbishops from Canterbury, the building is today principally used as a venue for wedding services. The former tithe barn for the palace , now serves as the Tyrwhitt-Drake Museum of Carriages.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Manor of Maidstone was probably given to the Archbishops of Canterbury as a royal gift during the 7th or 8th centuries. A house on the site of the palace was given to Archbishop Langton by Rector William de Cornhill in 1207 to be used as a resting-place for archbishops travelling between London and Canterbury and is linked to palaces at Charing, Otford and Croydon. Cornhill&#39;s house was demolished by Archbishop Ufford.</p><br>
<p>The first work on the current building was ordered by Archbishop Ufford in 1348 and was continued by Archbishop Islip between 1349 and 1366, partly with materials from a palace at Wrotham. At the end of the 14th century Archbishop Courtenay expanded the establishment in Maidstone when he founded the neighbouring College and Church of All Saints. The palace was enlarged and improved by Archbishop Morton in 1486, but it and the College were given to Henry VIII by Archbishop Cranmer in exchange for property elsewhere.</p><br>
<p>Henry VIII granted the palace to Sir Thomas Wyatt, but the estate was forfeited to the Crown in 1554 following the rebellion led by his son, Thomas Wyatt the younger, against Mary I. It was later given by Elizabeth I to Sir John Astley, son of John Astley, Master of the Jewel Office.</p><br>
<p>Astley extended the palace, building much of the existing structure. On his death there in 1639, he bequeathed the manor to Jacob Astley, 1st Baron Astley of Reading. Lord Astley died at the palace in 1652 and it passed to his son and grandson, the second and third barons. On the death of the third baron in 1688, the barony became extinct and the palace passed to his cousin Sir Jacob Astley. In 1720, Sir Jacob sold the palace to Robert Marsham, 1st Baron Romney who lived at nearby Mote House.</p><br>
<p>The palace was subsequently sold by the Marsham family. At the beginning of the 20th century it was used as a Territorial Army medical school.</p><br>
<h3>Present day</h3><br>
<p>Today the palace is managed by Kent County Council and primarily used as a register office. It is only open to the public on regular "Heritage Days". The Kent Gardens Trust tends the Apothecarys Garden which is open to the public between May and August on Wednesday afternoons only.</p><br>
<p>The gatehouse is used by Kent Invicta Chamber Of Commerce.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>The E-shaped palace building is located on the east bank of the River Medway close to its meeting with the River Len. The two-storey central section is constructed of ashlar stonework with a main entrance through a central projecting porch in the north-east façade. Timber framed wings are at each side. The roof is clay tiled and two projecting stone-built dormer windows at attic level on the entrance façade are capped with finials. The south-west façade has windows in a variety of sizes, many stone-framed, and includes a large corbelled and three-tiered and oriel window.</p><br>
<p>Close to the palace on the south side is the dungeon, a 14th-century stone building with small windows and an early Norman undercroft. To the north-east of the palace, adjacent to Mill Street and the River Len is the 13th and 14th century gatehouse, a two-storey building constructed of roughly-coursed rubble and timber framing on the east end. The roof is tiled and a garderobe projects on the north side.</p><br>
<p>The palace is a Grade I listed building, the dungeon is listed Grade II*, and the gatehouse is listed Grade II and a scheduled monument. The buildings are surrounded by walls which are Grade II listed.</p><br>
<p>The Church of St Michael and All Angels in Somerton, Somerset, England dates from the 13th century and has been designated as a Grade I listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The chapel began as a daughter church of Queen Camel and belonged to the Crown, as did most in the area until the time of Empress Maud. However, the growth of Somerton in the 12th century likely pressured them to try to improve the inferior status of their church. The Empress allowed them a grant and therefore c. 1140, the church was given burial rights, making it, in its turn, a mother church, with the vicar being appointed by the monks of Muchelney Abbey.</p><br>
<p>The Anglican Church underwent a major reshaping in the mid 15th century, and further restoration in 1889. It is built of local lias stone cut and squared, with Hamstone dressing.</p><br>
<p>It is notable for a carved roof, with dragons (Wyverns - the symbol for the county of Somerset; Somerton was at one time the county town), angels, and two small cider barrels purportedly carved by the monks of Muchelney Abbey. Sir John Betjeman was also inspired by an inscription on the candelabra. The church is quite plain on the outside but inside is one of the finest wooden carved roofs in the county. It is shallow pitched with massive, richly decorated tie beams and short king posts. The whole area of the roof is divided into square carved panels set in the framework of the structural timbers which are decorated with carved bosses where they intersect. There are 640 panels each carved with the same quatrefoil design. In the triangular spaces above each beam are twenty-two dragons facing each other in pairs. It is said there are bullet holes in the timbers, caused by soldiers who camped in the church in 1646 before the Battle of Langport. The 17th century pulpit and altar table are Jacobean woodwork.</p><br>
<h2>Incumbents</h2><br>
<p>The Hillcrest National Historic District in Little Rock, Arkansas encompasses a residential area of the city that was developed between about 1890 and 1940. When originally listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990, it covered an area that was bounded by Woodrow, Jackson, and Markham Streets and North Lookout Rd. In 1992 the boundaries were increased to include an additional area roughly bounded by Jackson Street, Harrison Street, Lee Avenue, and Evergreen Street. The historic district is distinctive within the city for its well-preserved cross-section of architectural styles popular before World War II.</p><br>
<p>The district includes a number of individually-listed properties, including:</p><br>
<p>Retan House, at 2510 Broadway</p><br>
<p>Werner Knoop House, at 6 Ozark Point</p><br>
<p>Reid House, at 1425 Kavanaugh St.</p><br>
<p>Williamson House, at 325 Fairfax St.</p><br>
<p>Boone House, at 4014 Lookout.</p><br>
<p>Architect Theo Sanders designed several houses in the neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>Remmel Apartments and Remmel Flats are four architecturally distinguished multiunit residential buildings in Little Rock, Arkansas. Located at 1700-1710 South Spring Street  and 409-411 West 17th Street, they were all designed by noted Arkansas architect Charles L. Thompson for H.L. Remmel as rental properties. The three Remmel Apartments were built in 1917 in the Craftsman style, while Remmel Flats is a Colonial Revival structure built in 1906. All four buildings are individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and are contributing elements of the Governor&#39;s Mansion Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Remmel Flats</h2><br>
<p>Remmel Flats is located at 1700-02 South Spring Street. It is a sophisticated variant of an American Foursquare, with Colonial Revival massing and detailing on its two porches. Dormers projecting from the hip roof have deep pedimented gables with dentil moulding and modillions.</p><br>
<h2>1704-06 South Spring Street</h2><br>
<p>The building at 1704-06 South Spring Street has a deep front porch, supported by large stone piers that rise 1-1/2 stories. It is two stories in height, and faced in dark brown brick. The front porch facade, and a similar cross-gable projecting from the side of the main roof, both are decorated with pseudo half-timbered stucco.</p><br>
<h2>1708-10 South Spring Street</h2><br>
<p>The building at 1708-10 South Spring Street is also two stories, with a hip roof and an irregular facade. Its prominent features are two gables, one projecting from the roof, the other over the porch, which are decorated with half-timbered stucco. The porch is open, with oversized plain round columns supporting the roof.</p><br>
<h2>409-11 West 17th Street</h2><br>
<p>This building is the one most resembling a typical apartment house of the four. It has a boxy two-story shape, with a steeply-pitched roof with flared edges. The east entry is sheltered by a recessed porch with large Craftsman brackets and a stuccoed half-timber front, and the west entry is in a projecting section whose roof is a continuation of the main roof.</p><br>
<p>The Hugus Hardware store, now known as Shively Hardware, is a significant commercial presence in downtown Saratoga, Wyoming. The establishment consists of two buildings. The original one story portion was built in 1888, while the two story section was built in 1889. Both are wood frame structures.</p><br>
<p>The first building is a gable-roofed frame structure, sided with clapboards and roofed with corrugated metal. A plain false front covers the gable end, which is at right angles to the two story section. A shed roofed overhang continues down the side elevation to the 1889 building. The 1889 building has display windows flanked by iron pilasters. Siding is embossed metal in a brick pattern. The otherwise plain facade is capped by a bracketed and dentiled cornice, hiding a plain single-sloped roof.</p><br>
<p>The store was built by Wilbur B. Hugus, operator of a store at Fort Steele. Hugus building housed a general store, a saloon and the Saratoga State Bank. The store was bought by the Cosgriff Brothers in 1899, expanding to the west with more frame construction due to a scarcity of bricks. The bank was located in this addition, and its safe remains in use.The store was bought by William Tilton about 1915, who sold the store in 1925 to his employee, Edward Shively, after Tilton had to cover his sons gambling debts. The Shively family has continued to manage the store.</p><br>
<p>The store was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Hyland Hotel in Monticello, Utah, also known as the Wood/Summers House, was built between 1916 and 1918 by Joseph Henry Wood as a single-family residence. In 1924 the bungalow was adapted for use as a hotel with the conversion of the house&#39;s four upstairs bedrooms to nine guest rooms.</p><br>
<p>The foundation and first floor of the two story Craftsman Style house are of local sandstone from South Creek near the Abajo Mountains, while the upper level is wood frame with shingle siding. The house features the characteristic wide porches, deep eaves and shallow roof pitch associated with the Craftsman style. The house retains its original first floor arrangement with two parlors, a small office at the front entrance, a bedroom and a kitchen. The interior retains its dark-stained California fir woodwork. Three bathrooms were added to the original two with the house&#39;s conversion. The property originally included barns, sheds, a dairy, an ice house, orchard and garden, all no longer extant.</p><br>
<p>In 1924 the house was purchased by Fletcher Hammond, moving his wife and seven children into the house and remodeling the upstairs. Hammond sold the house in 1933 to his son-in-law, Jack Nielson, who operated the hotel and dairy. Nielson sold the property in 1936 to Kenneth and Elizabeth Summers. The Summers operated the hotel until 1974.</p><br>
<p>The Hyland Hotel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Senior Hall is a historic building on the University of California, Berkeley campus, in Berkeley, California. The rustic log cabin structure was designed by architect John Galen Howard. The building was proposed in 1903 and dedicated in 1906. It was originally used as the university&#39;s student union and run by the senior male students. A senior honor society called the Order of the Golden Bear was largely responsible for building the hall, and it held secret meetings at the hall after its construction. According to the Daily Californian, Senior Hall was largely responsible for student self-governance at Berkeley, as the hall gave seniors a place to meet and discuss campus issues. A new student union replaced the hall in 1923, but the Order of the Golden Bear continues to meet there.</p><br>
<p>Senior Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The James Sheeley House is an Italianate building in Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin, United States. Originally used as a boarding house, it is currently a restaurant.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The history of the site began before the Civil War when the first buildings were erected. In 1868 Carl Hering purchased the property and moved his family into the small house on River Street. Herings carriage and blacksmith shop was located behind the house, facing Pine Street. John B. Paul, who operated a boarding house one block west of the Sheeley House, purchased the Hering property in 1884. He removed the small carriage shop and surfaced the entire building with local red brick. The Paul House had a ground floor saloon, first floor living quarters, a large kitchen, the boarders dining room and second floor sleeping rooms.</p><br>
<p>James Sheeley, an Irish immigrant, stayed at the Paul House while working on the railroad from Wabasha, Minnesota to Chippewa Falls. In 1905 he and his wife, Kate, bought the property. James tended the bar, Kate and their children, Anna, William, and Howard, prepared meals and maintained the rooms. When James died in 1913, Kate continued to serve meals and rent rooms, but leased the saloon operation. Before the saloon closed in 1967, Frank "Frenchy" LaCour had tapped the "coldest beer in town" for 28 years. After Kate&#39;s death in 1934, Anna Sheeley no longer served food, but continued to rent rooms to boarders. By 1981 it was necessary for Anna Sheeley to leave her home of 76 years.</p><br>
<p>In 1981, although this once handsome building was greatly in need of repair and its purpose was obsolete, the Sheeley House was structurally sound. David and Sharon Raihle were able to visualize the restoration and save one of the last boarding houses in the Chippewa Valley. Using information and pictures from the Sheeley family, it was possible to determine the appearance of the original interior and exterior of the building. Meticulous care was taken to not only preserve the old, but to retain the function of the Sheeley House Restaurant and Saloon. Current owner Jim Bloms purchased the Sheeley House on August 23, 2001. Per local news in November 2013 and quoting the Sheeley house web site "The James Sheeley House will be closing its doors November 30th pending a change in ownership. All gift certificates must be redeemed by that date."</p><br>
<p>The Sheeley house has new owners and as of mid year 2015 has reopened and is thriving again.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The current Sheeley House began taking shape after the property was purchased by John B. Paul in 1884, who surfaced the building with local red brick. Extensive renovations began in 1981, restoring the original interior and exterior of the building from old photographs, duplicating new trim from existing samples, and a new cedar shingle roof installed. The metal ceiling and French tile floor in the bar are original. A new bar was built duplicating the bar in the Paul House Saloon picture.</p><br>
<h2>Current Events</h2><br>
<p>The Sheeley House is now a popular restaurant. It has DJTrivia on Wednesdays, and live music weekly.</p><br>
<p>The Watts De Peyster Fireman&#39;s Hall is located on Broadway in the village of Tivoli, New York, United States. John Watts De Peyster, a resident, paid for it and gave it to the village for its fire department in 1898. It is a brick "storefront" firehouse, a type of fire station more commonly seen in cities at the time than small rural villages like Tivoli.</p><br>
<p>Since the construction of a new firehouse in 1986 it has been the village hall. In 1989 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and three years later it also became a contributing property to the Hudson River Historic District, a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The firehouse is a three-story building, three bays wide by four deep, on a half-acre (2,000 m²) lot in downtown Tivoli. It is faced in brick laid in English bond with contrasting stone courses at the floor levels. The hipped slate roof is pierced by a dormer with gabled parapet top, four chimneys and a round turreted tower rising from the southwest corner. The roofline&#39;s cornice is broken in front by the dormer.</p><br>
<p>On the northern (front) facade, the first floor has two former garage openings, now filled with paneled wooden doors, and a regular entrance between them. The course above them consists of stone blocks with oak leaves, a traditional European symbol in heraldry for firefighters. A cornerstone gives the architect, builder and date of construction, and a marble dedication plaque memorializes Watts and de Peyster. The stone basement is visible along the side and rear elevations.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the first floor is divided into the two large bays used originally for fire engines, with plaster walls, wainscoting, pressed tin ceilings and wooden-plank floors. The second floor, used originally as meeting rooms, has similar finishing as well as thin cast iron columns in its largest room. All rooms have their original carved mantel and fireplace cover. The third floor is a single large room with two large wood braces supporting the ceiling.</p><br>
<p>There is one outbuilding, a garage built during the mid-20th century. It is not considered a contributing property.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Tivoli was incorporated as a village of the Town of Red Hook in 1872, after a period of tremendous growth due to commerce along the Hudson River. Two smaller existing settlements, Upper Red Hook Landing and Madalin, were combined in the new municipality.</p><br>
<p>As soon as the village came into existence, its government discussed the need for a new firehouse to serve the community. These discussions continued for a quarter-century, during which its commercial importance began to decline. In 1896 the Village Board passed legislation creating a fire department and calling a special election to decide how it would be financed. Two years later John Watts De Peyster, a wealthy resident of the area and village president as well as an influential authority on firefighting, saved the village the trouble by hiring local architect Michael O&#39;Connor to design a new firehouse. Once it was built, he leased it to the village.</p><br>
<p>In 1900, during a tax dispute with the village, he barred the board from meeting there. He had also threatened to close the firehouse if his estranged son, who had been elected village president, was allowed in the building. Seven years later, upon his death, the lease passed to a local orphanage he had founded. That arrangement lasted until 1921, when his descendants bought the orphanages lease out and donated the building to the village. The Watts de Peyster Firemans Hall was restored and renovated sometime prior to 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Tivoli Village Offices and Tivoli Free Library</h2><br>
<p>The Tivoli Village Offices and are located in Watts de Peyster Fireman&#39;s Hall.</p><br>
<h2>Tivoli Bays Visitor Center of the Hudson River National Estuarine Research Reserve (HRNERR)</h2><br>
<p>Tivoli Bays is one of four coastal wetlands that comprise the. The HRNERR Tivoli Bays Visitor Center and Doorway to the Bays exhibit for the are housed in Watts de Peyster Fireman&#39;s Hall. The Visitor Center and exhibit are depicted as "i" (Information) located on Kidd Lane on the. A nature trail leading to a canoe launch begins behind the building.</p><br>
<p>Telul eth-Thalathat is an archaeological site located 40 mi west of Mosul and just east of Tal Afar in Nineveh Province .</p><br>
<h2>History of archaeological research</h2><br>
<p>Telul eth-Thalathat was excavated for four seasons between 1956 and 1965 and again in 1976 by a team from the University of Tokyo Iraq-Iran Archaeological Expedition. The early seasons were led by N. Egami and the final season by S. Fukai.</p><br>
<h2>Telul eth-Thalathat and its environment</h2><br>
<p>Telul eth-Thalathat is located 40 mi west of Mosul and just east of Tal Afar in Nineveh Province (Iraq). The site consists of three separate tells or settlement mounds.</p><br>
<h2>Occupation history</h2><br>
<p>Telul eth-Thalathat was occupied in the Ubaid and Uruk periods, as well as during Middle Assyrian times. Excavations have revealed over 20 kilns and a number of burials, as well as some figurines and spindle whorls.</p><br>
<p>Føyno is an island in Stord municipality in Hordaland county, Norway. The 1 km&sup2; island lies southwest of the island of Stord at the southern end of the Stokksundet sound. The Digernessundet strait runs between Stord and this island. Føyno had a central place in the district of Sunnhordland during the Middle Ages, and gave its name to the skipreide of Føyen.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>The island had no road connections to anywhere prior to December 2000 when the Triangle Link was opened. Føyno became a central piece of the bridge-tunnel connection connecting the municipalities of Stord and Bømlo to the mainland of Sveio to the south. The Bømlafjord tunnel heads south from Føyno to Sveio and the Stord Bridge goes north to the island of Stord. A short bridge from Føyno to the neighboring island of Nautøy to the east connects with the large Bømla Bridge which finally connects to Bømlo. The island became a central part of the European route E39 highway in Western Norway as part of the Triangle Link. The toll station for this link is located on Føyno.</p><br>
<p>The Lower Shell School House is located in an isolated portion of Big Horn County, Wyoming on a bluff near Shell Creek. The schoolhouse was built in 1903, and was one of the first buildings in the area that did not use log construction. The school functioned as a church and Sunday school, and as a community meeting place. It was used as a school until the 1950s, and as a community meeting house until the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>The school is set in a wild landscape of greasewood overlooking the Shell Creek Valley, six miles east of Greybull and eight miles west of Shell on US 14. The one story building measures approximately 24 ft by 46 ft. The facade is executed in coursed ashlar sandstone, while the secondary elevations are in rock-faced sandstone in random coursing. The building is entered through double doors with a fixed transom above, and a "1903" datestone above the rock-faced stone lintel. The hipped roof features a wood framed bell tower. The interior was one room with wainscoting and a wood floor. The ceiling height is 11.67 ft.</p><br>
<p>The school house has been renovated as a single-family home, with commercial space in the schoolroom. A three-level wood framed addition has been added to the rear, leaving the main school room intact.</p><br>
<p>The Lower Shell School House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Mālia is a Hawaiian-style wooden racing canoe crafted by James Takeo Yamasaki. The canoe was hewn out of blonde koa wood in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii, in 1933. Its wooden hull provided the founding model for all subsequent outrigger canoeing hulls, including those later molded from fiberglass. Hawaiian racing canoeist Tommy Holmes observed that Malia "remains a prototype for contemporary racing canoes was among the first canoes built exclusively for the sport." The canoe was listed on the State and National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Outrigger canoe racing became popular in Hawaii during the early 1900s. Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalaniana&#39;ole was an early aficionado and commissioned the first canoe specifically built for racing, the Aa in 1902. Despite weighing 620 lbs., it won many races. Lighter and more streamlined canoes continued to evolve in the following decades as common fishing canoe designs were adapted for racing purposes.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>Mālia, a ~40-ft., 400-lb. canoe designed by James Takeo Yamasaki, was the culmination of a design evolution in wooden racing canoes, and it established the model for outrigger racing canoes made of newer, lighter materials. The original Hawaiian name Mālia, meaning "calm" (also Mālie) refers to the relatively calm waters of the Kona Coast on the leeward side of the Big Island, the site where the canoe was made. The Outrigger Canoe Club bought the original Mālia in 1940, and the Waikiki Surf Club acquired it in 1948, keeping it in use until 1988.</p><br>
<p>From 1950-1951, the design of Malia was modified by Froiseth, Downing, and Choy. In 1959, the original Mālia won the first outrigger canoe race to Catalina Island in California. After the race, the Malia had a significant impact on the historical development of the racing canoe. According to Tommy Holmes:</p><br>
<p>An interesting sidelight of the first Catalina-to-Newport race in 1959 was the alleged pirating of a fiberglass plug of the Malia. This shell, reportedly taken without authorization while the Malia awaited shipment back to Hawaii, was later made into a mold. From this mold, and the hulls that came from it, other molds were made. The majority of the fiberglass canoes in use in Hawaii and California today have been made from these molds. Thus the Malia inadvertently sired a noble fleet of fiberglass-and-resin-canoes.</p><br>
<p>In 1960, a California-made fiberglass model of the Mālia competed in the annual paddling race across the Molokai Channel (the Molokai Hoe) to Oahu, leading to a separate division for Malia-style fiberglass canoes in 1960&ndash;78. By 1981, models of the Mālia had begun spreading to Australia, Britain, Canada, Japan, Samoa, and to the shores of the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf Coast, and Great Lakes across the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Usage and importance</h2><br>
<p>The term Malia canoe now refers to a class of Hawaiian-style outrigger canoes that follow the design of the original Mālia, even when made of fiberglass. Every serious outrigger canoe club, however, aims to acquire at least one Mālia made of koa wood and other traditional materials.</p><br>
<p>The John Gibbs House was built in Kalamazoo, Michigan, in 1853. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The house is located on the south side of Parkview Avenue next to Western Michigan Universitys Business Technology and Research Park in Kalamazoo, Michigan. It was purchased from the United States federal government by John Gibbs, a craftsman from New York. Gibbs constructed the Italianate house which still stands on the property. The Gibbs family originated in England and descends from some of the American settlers from the country. The farm and house were transferred to the university in 1959. In 1991, the development of WMUs Business Technology and Research Park was approved, which now encompasses the majority of the property. The Gibbs House is currently used for environmental research purposes by university students.</p><br>
<p>Sibudu Cave is a rock shelter in a sandstone cliff in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. It is an important Middle Stone Age site occupied, with some gaps, from 77,000 years ago to 38,000 years ago.</p><br>
<p>Evidence of some of the earliest examples of modern human technology has been found in the shelter (although the earliest known spears date back 400,000 years). The evidence in the shelter includes the earliest bone arrow (61,000 years old), the earliest needle (61,000 years old),</p><br>
<p>The use of glues and bedding are of particular interest, because the complexity of their creation and processing has been presented as evidence of continuity between early human cognition and that of modern humans.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Sibudu Cave is a rock shelter, located roughly 40 km north of the city of Durban and about 15 km inland, near the town of Tongaat. It is in a steep, forested cliff facing WSW that overlooks the Tongati River in an area that is now a sugar cane plantation. The shelter was formed by erosional downcutting of the Tongati River, which now lies 10 m below the shelter. Its floor is 55 m long, and about 18 m in width. It has a large collection of Middle Stone Age deposits that are well preserved organically and accurately dated using optically stimulated luminescence.</p><br>
<p>The first excavations following its discovery in 1983 were carried out by Aron Mazel of the Natal Museum (unpublished work). Lyn Wadley of the University of the Witwatersrand started renewed excavations in September 1998.</p><br>
<h2>Occupation</h2><br>
<p>The occupations at Sibudu are divided into pre-Still Bay, Still Bay (72,000–71,000 BP), Howiesons Poort (before 61,000 BP), post-Howiesons Poort (58,500 BP), late (47,700 BP), and final Middle Stone Age phases (38,600 BP). There were occupation gaps of approximately 10,000 years between the post-Howiesons Poort and the late Middle Stone Age stage, and the late and final Middle Stone periods. There was no Late Stone Age occupation, although there was a 1,000 BP Iron Age occupation.</p><br>
<p>Evidence suggests these were dry periods and the shelter was occupied only during wet climatic conditions.</p><br>
<h2>Technology</h2><br>
<p>The pre-Still Bay occupation had a lithic flake-based industry and made few tools. The Still Bay occupation, in addition to such flakes, made bifacial tools and points. Trace use analysis on the tips of the points finds evidence of compound adhesives on their bases where they would once have been hafted to shafts.</p><br>
<p>Various examples of early human technology have been found:</p><br>
<p>A bone point, a possible arrowhead that pushes back the origin of bow and bone arrow technology to 61,000 BP, at least 20,000 years beyond the previous earliest example</p><br>
<p>The earliest known bone needle, dated to 61,000 BP, with wear similar to that found in bone needles used to puncture animal hide</p><br>
<p>The earliest example of a compound glue (plant gum and red ochre), used for hafting stone points into wood handles to create spears—-dated no later than 71,000 BP; and</p><br>
<p>Shell beads, although of a more recent date than those found at Blombos cave (71,000 BP for the Sibudu beads, versus 75,000 BP for those at Blombos)</p><br>
<p>The earliest example of the use of bedding, dating back to approximately 77,000 years ago, 50,000 years earlier than records elsewhere else</p><br>
<p>The earliest use of milk (casein) as a paint binder in a milk-ochre mixture (49,000 BP).</p><br>
<p>The plant bedding consisted of sedge and other monocotyledons topped with aromatic leaves containing natural insecticidal and larvicidal chemicals. The leaves were all from Cryptocarya woodii Engl. which, when crushed, are aromatic and contain traces of α-pyrones, cryptofolione, and goniothalamin, chemicals that have insecticidal and larvicidal properties against, for example, mosquitoes. Cryptocarya species are still used extensively as traditional medicines.</p><br>
<p>Howiesons Poort occupation manufactured blade tools. These blades are shaped like the segment of an orange, with a sharp cutting edge on the straight lateral and an intentionally blunted and curved back. These were attached to shafts or handles by means of ochre and plant adhesive or alternatively fat mixed with plant material.</p><br>
<p>Points were used in the period after the Howiesons Poort for hunting weapons, such as the tips of spears. Use–trace analysis suggests that many of these points were hafted with ochre-loaded adhesives.</p><br>
<h2>Cognitive archaeology</h2><br>
<p>The replication of shafted tool manufacture using only methods and materials available at Sibudu, has enabled the identification of the complexity of the thought processes that it required. The stone spear was embedded in the wood using a compound adhesive made up of plant gum, red ochre, and to aid the workability, possibly a small amount of beeswax, coarse particles, or fat. This preliminary mixture had to have the correct ingredient proportions and then, before shafting, undergo a controlled heat treatment stage. This heating had to avoid boiling or dehydrating the mixture too much, otherwise it would weaken the resulting mastic. The maker also had to reduce its acidity. By experimentally recreating the creation of this adhesive, researchers concluded that the Middle Stone Age (MSA) humans at Sibudu would have required the multilevel mental operations and abstract thought capabilities of modern people to do this.Artisans living in the MSA must have been able to think in abstract terms about properties of plant gums and natural iron products, even though they lacked empirical means for gauging them. Qualities of gum, such as wet, sticky, and viscous, were mentally abstracted, and these meanings counterpoised against ochre properties, such as dry, loose, and dehydrating. Simultaneously, the artisan had to think about the correct position for placing stone inserts on the shafts.... Although fully modern behaviour is recognizable relatively late in the MSA, the circumstantial evidence provided here implies that people who made compound adhesives in the MSA shared at least some advanced behaviors with their modern successors.</p><br>
<p>In a commentary upon this research it has been suggested that instead of focusing upon language, with activities that tax reasoning ability and are also visible archaeologically, such as shafting, archaeologists are in a better position to contribute to an understanding of the evolution of the modern mind.</p><br>
<p>Some of these hafted points might have been launched from bows. While "most attributes such as micro-residue distribution patterns and micro-wear will develop similarly on points used to tip spears, darts or arrows" and "explicit tests for distinctions between thrown spears and projected arrows have not yet been conducted" the researchers find "contextual support" for the use of these points on arrows: a broad range of animals were hunted, with an emphasis on taxa that prefer closed forested niches, including fast moving, terrestrial and arboreal animals. This is an argument for the use of traps, perhaps including snares. If snares were used, the use of cords and knots, which also would have been adequate for the production of bows, is implied. The employment of snares also would demonstrate a practical understanding of the latent energy stored in bent branches, the main principle of bow construction.</p><br>
<p>The use of Cryptocarya leaves in bedding indicates that early use of herbal medicines may have awarded selective advantages to humans, and the use of such plants implies a new dimension to the behaviour of early humans at this time.</p><br>
<h2>Interrupted technological development</h2><br>
<p>Artifacts such as piecing needles, arrows, and shell beads at Sibudu and elsewhere occur in a pattern whereby innovations are not further and progressively developed, but arise and then disappear. For instance, the shell beads occur in the Still Bay layers, but are absent from the Howiesons Poort ones, in Sibudu and elsewhere. This challenges the idea that the early development of technology by early humans was a process of accumulation of improvements. In discussing the findings of artefacts at Sibudu researchers have commented that they:can hardly be used to support the "classic" out of Africa scenario, which predicts increasing complexity and accretion of innovations during the MSA, determined by biological change. Instead, they appear, disappear, and re-appear in a way that best fits a scenario in which historical contingencies and environmental, rather than cognitive, changes are seen as main drivers.</p><br>
<p>The idea that environmental change was responsible for this pattern has been questioned, and instead it has been suggested that the driving factors were changes in the social networks related to changes in population density.</p><br>
<h2>Tentative World Heritage Status</h2><br>
<p>In 2015, the South African government submitted a proposal to add the cave to the list of World Heritage Sites and it has been placed on the UNESCO list of tentative sites as a potential future serial nomination together with Blombos Cave, Pinnacle Point, Klasies River Caves, Border Cave and Diepkloof Rock Shelter.</p><br>
<p>Mashapaug Lake is a 297 acre lake surrounded by Bigelow Hollow State Park and Nipmuck State Forest in the town of Union in northeastern Connecticut. The lake has a maximum depth of 39.5 feet , and an average depth of 15 feet . Its normal surface elevation is 706 feet. The lake is very popular with fishermen and boaters from the area, and can also be used for swimming.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Mashapaug Lake is natural in origin, but the construction of two dams has raised its water level. One of these dams lies on the lakes northern end, at an outlet which flows into the Quinnebaug River system, while the other lies on the southern end, at the Bigelow Brook outlet. Water flows over the Bigelow Brook dam at the southern end of Mashapaug Lake at all times of the year. The dam at the northern end of the lake, however, is only used to drain the lakes water level during the winter.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The majority of Mashapaug Lakes bottom consists of gravel and sand, with some scattered boulders, trees, and stumps. In the deep, flat areas of the lakes bottom, fine sand, silt, and organic muck can be found. Mashapaug Lake is fed by Wells Brook and several intermittent streams. It drains south into Bigelow Brook, but when the water level is lowered for the winter, water is pumped north into the Quinnebaug River system.</p><br>
<h2>Development</h2><br>
<p>Sparse residential housing can be found along the shores of Mashapaug Lake, and also on two of the islands. The northern and northwestern shores of the lake, however, are more densely populated than the rest of the lake. Where there are no houses, the lake&#39;s shoreline is heavily forested, with the Bigelow Hollow State Park surrounding the southern and southwestern areas of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Mashapaug Lake is open to the public for fishing and boating. Ice fishing on the lake is popular during the winter months. People can also swim in the lake. Visitors can access the Mashapaug Lake through Bigelow Hollow State Park at its southern end. A boat launch can be found at this access point.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>Aquatic vegetation is quite sparse in most areas of Mashapaug Lake, except in certain areas of shallow water; although recently, infrequent lowering of the lake during the wintertime has increased shoreline aquatic vegetation. Some plants that can be found in the shallows are yellow pond-lily (Nuphar variegata), pickerel weed (Pontederia cordata), and pondweeds (Potamogeton spp.).</p><br>
<p>Many species of fish reside within Mashapaug Lake. These species include sunfish, yellow perch, chain pickerel, largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, brown trout, rainbow trout, and channel catfish. The Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection stocks the lake with brown and rainbow trout. Two state records were set from fish caught at Mashapaug Lake. The heaviest largemouth bass ever caught in Connecticut was caught in Mashapaug Lake in 1961 (12 lbs. 14 oz.), and the heaviest channel catfish ever caught in the state was caught there in 2004 (29 lbs. 39 oz.).</p><br>
<p>Nugget Falls, also known as Nugget Creek Falls or Mendenhall Glacier Falls, is a waterfall downstream of the Nugget Glacier, in the USA state of Alaska. Formed by the creek from the Nugget Glacier, the waterfall drops 377 ft in two tiers of 99 ft and 278 ft onto a sandbar in Mendenhall Lake, which is the freshwater pool at the face of the Mendenhall glacier. The lake then drains via Mendenhall River into the Inside Passage. The waterfall is fed by Nugget Creek, which is in turn fed by the Nugget Glacier, a tributary glacier on the mountainside east of Auke Bay. The creek cascades down towards Mendenhall Lake, forming a hanging valley, then plunges over the falls to the lake. Prior to the recession of Mendenhall Glacier, it was said that the falls would drop "directly on the glacier", or that the "glacier covered the waterfall".</p><br>
<p>The Swallow&#39;s Nest, also known as the Albert Robison Lyman Study, is a small sandstone building in Blanding, Utah. It was built in 1925 by Albert Robison Lyman as a retreat for writing. Lyman used the study until 1938 as a place for contemplation, where he could write in silence without inhibiting the activities of his family in the main house.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Swallow&#39;s Nest is located on the Nicklovis Ranch, named by Albert Lyman for its former owner, Nicholas Lovis. The retreat was built about 350 ft from the main ranch house, which was itself built about 1914.</p><br>
<p>The one room building is built in random rubble sandstone obtained locally. The low gable roof is supported by log purlins on log columns. The door is on the north side, with single windows on the south and west sides. The interior has a rough wood floor and is finished with lime-washed mud plaster on the walls. A masonry firebox is located in the southwest corner, which may have served a wood stove. A rough built-in writing desk with bookshelves is located in the southeast corner.</p><br>
<h2>Albert Lyman</h2><br>
<p>Albert Robison Lyman, his wife Mary Ellen ("Lell") and daughter Casse were the first settlers of Blanding in 1905. Born in Fillmore, Utah in 1880, Lymans family settled in Bluff in 1880 as part of a party of Mormon settlers sent to colonize the San Juan River region of southeast Utah. The Lymans bought the Nicklovis ranch in 1912 for $770. Albert and Lell had fifteen children; six sons and nine daughters, leading to an understandable need on the part of Albert for a quiet place to pursue his writing. The cabin was designed with a metal flag that could be raised when Albert did not wish to be disturbed. Albert wrote and published "The Voice of the Intangible" during the 1925-1938 period. In 1938 the Lymans sold the property to Ray and Elizabeth Young and moved to Salt Lake City to try to preserve Lells failing health. After Lells death in 1939, Albert married her sister at Lells insistence and Albert and Gladys moved back to Blanding in 1942, where Albert continued to write about the San Juan region from their house in Blanding.</p><br>
<p>The ranch property that included the Swallow&#39;s Nest changed hands several times, finally being acquired by the town of Blanding for a park.</p><br>
<p>Through many years of neglect the west side of the Swallows Nest was caved in. In 1988 when the house was owned by Segal Realty, the family that lived on the land rebuilt the west wall and helped restore the Swallows Nest to a usable state.</p><br>
<p>The Torrey Log Church–Schoolhouse was built in Torrey, Utah in 1898 as a LDS meetinghouse and schoolhouse. The one story log structure served as the school until 1917, and as a meetinghouse until 1928.</p><br>
<p>The single story log building measures approximately 37 by. The interior is a single room with an entrance on the south side and windows on the east and west sides. The windows have pedimented heads, an unusual detail in a log structure, and show a Greek Revival influence. The shingled hip roof displays a pronounced flare at the eaves and features a bell tower over the front door.The interior space is open to the rafters and is sheathed with beaded planking. Metal tie rods prevent the walls from spreading.</p><br>
<p>The building continued to be used as a meeting place for the local Daughters of Utah Pioneers chapter until the 1970s. After an abortive project in the 1980s to renovate the building as an information station, the building was given to the DUP on the condition that it be moved off the LDS church property. It was moved in 1991 to a temporary location, with the intention of constructing a foundation and basement. It has since been fully restored.</p><br>
<p>The Stone Jug is a historic house at the corner of NY 9G and Jug Road in Clermont, New York, United States. It dates to the mid-18th century and is largely intact, although it has been expanded somewhat since then.</p><br>
<p>It was built by Konradt Lasher, a Palatine German immigrant to the area who first farmed as a tenant of Robert Livingston. Unusually in an area where brick was the favored material, he chose stone. In the mid-19th century his descendants bought the land and built a farmhouse, now across the street. It, the stone house and several other buildings from the Lasher family farm were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. Later, in 1992, it became a contributing property to the Hudson River Historic District, a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>Property</h2><br>
<p>The house is part of a 9.7 acre former farm property on both sides of Route 9G. It includes another farmhouse, a barn, and the remaining foundations of two other stone houses. All are considered contributing properties to its historic character.</p><br>
<p>The Stone Jug is a -story house consisting of a main block faced mostly in stone with a gabled roof. The west gable end is in brick, as is the chimney that rises from that side. The north wing, added more recently, is of concrete block faced in fieldstone on the east and weatherboard on the north and west.</p><br>
<p>Original Dutch doors are on both entrances, at the south of the basement and east of the first story. The lintel above the east entrance has the year 1752 and "K.B.L & J." carved into it. The lower one opens into a large room with a 7 ft hearth built into the west wall. The staircase is original except for the steps. Upstairs, the main room is also mostly intact except for a small entry hall partitioned off to the east. Most of the windows are original except for the double casement on the west wall. On the top is a garret with exposed rafters.</p><br>
<p>Across Route 9G is a five-bay, -story frame farmhouse. South of Jug Road is an L-shaped frame barn. West of the house on either side of Jug are the remains of two other 18th-century stone houses. A garage on the southeast corner of the intersection is modern and non-contributing.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the early 18th century, several thousand Palatine refugees from the War of Spanish Succession were temporarily housed in London. Britain decided in 1710 to resettle them to the lands of Robert Livingston in the Hudson Valley, lands now making up northwestern Dutchess and southwest Columbia counties. They were to work for Livingston on a scheme to produce naval stores for the crown.</p><br>
<p>The scheme failed because many of the crops required could not survive the harsh winters of the region. In 1713 Livingston released the Germans, and many settled elsewhere in the area. Their impact can be seen today in placenames like Germantown and Rhinebeck and the many Lutheran churches in the area.</p><br>
<p>One of them, Bastian Lasher, stayed on the land he had originally settled. He and his three sons were able to work it as tenant farmers, and by 1752 Konradt had built his house near his brothers George and Johannis, using stone rather than the brick more popular with the Palatinate settlers. The family kept the farm, and in 1846 Philip Lasher was able to buy an 85 acre parcel and build the frame farmhouse across the road.</p><br>
<p>In the 1950s the north wing was added. In the process of doing so the original staircase&#39;s steps were replaced with wider ones. There have been no other changes to the house.</p><br>
<p>The Beaver Hills Historic District is a 97 acre historic district in the Beaver Hills neighborhood of New Haven, Connecticut. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. In 1986, it included 235 contributing buildings.</p><br>
<p>According to its 1986 nomination, the district is significant as a nearly intact example of an early 20th-century suburban residential subdivision. One feature of note was the presence of "one of the city&#39;s best collections of early 20th-century garages."</p><br>
<p>Significant contributing properties in the historic district include:</p><br>
<p>Pitkin House, from 1931, a Tudor Revival style house at 207 Colony Road. A -story "frame house with gable roof, front gable pavilions, stuccoed/half-timbered exterior" (see NRHP-nomination-accompanying photo #22)</p><br>
<p>Alan Krevit House, from 1936, a -story Colonial Revival style frame house with gable roof, at 186 Colony Road</p><br>
<p>The district includes brick gateway piers at the intersections of Goffe Terrace with Norton Parkway and with Ellsworth Avenue, at the south end of the district. The piers include "tile plaques depicting beavers" and "were constructed by the Beaver Hills Company in 1908 to define the southern terminus of the neighborhood." (see photo #13)</p><br>
<p>The Dwight Street Historic District is an irregularly shaped 135 acre historic district in New Haven, Connecticut. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. In 1983, out of 629 buildings in the district 595 were deemed contributing buildings. The historic district includes most of the Dwight neighborhood and several blocks of the northeast corner of the West River neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>The historic district is an irregularly shaped but "roughly square 20-block commercial and residential neighborhood of modest 19th- and early 20th-century structures lying near the center of New Haven, Connecticut." The district is located immediately west of the center of Downtown New Haven and is generally bounded by Whalley Avenue on the north, Park Street on the east, North Frontage Road on the south, and Sherman Avenue on the west.</p><br>
<p>The district is distinguished by its "high proportion of Victorian dwellings", including many simplified vernacular versions of Federal, Greek Revival, Italianate, Second Empire, Queen Anne and Colonial Revival styles.</p><br>
<p>Significant contributing buildings in the district include:</p><br>
<p>Dwight Place Congregational Church, 1267 Chapel Street, (photo 3)</p><br>
<p>Frederick P. Newton House, 128 Dwight Street (photo 17)</p><br>
<p>Richmond Building, 246 Park Street (photo 18)</p><br>
<p>Malthusheck Piano Manufacturing Building, 216-220 Park Street (photo 20)</p><br>
<p>Troup School, Beers Street (photo 21)</p><br>
<p>Robert Moses birth home, 83 Dwight Street</p><br>
<p>Mount Cotter, located in the Kings Canyon National Park, is named for Dick Cotter who was a packer with the California Geological Survey in 1864. Cotter and Clarence King made the first ascent of Mount Tyndall.</p><br>
<p>The Mountain has an elevation of 12,719 ft.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is easily climbed from Gardiner Basin with a slope. There are more difficult routes found on the north and east sides of Mount Cotter. The mountain features a large class 4-5 summit block. Mount Cotter can be reached from the west or east side of the Sierra Nevada.</p><br>
<p>Wilderness permits are required for overnight stays entering from either the east or west. There is a Visitors Center in Grant Grove that can inform visitors of when the office at Road&#39;s End will be open.</p><br>
<p>Camping is allowed in many places along the approach to Mt Cotter. Kearsarge Lakes, Charlotte Lake, and Rae Lakes all have a maximum 2 nights stay, and Bullfrog Lake along the Kearsarge Pass Trail is closed to camping. Bear canisters are required for overnight stays.</p><br>
<p>The Jefferson Pools, also called Warm Springs Bathhouses and Warm Springs Pools, are two spa structures near Warm Springs, Virginia. The name was changed in the 20th century from "Warm Spring Pools" to "Jefferson Pools". The spa is part of The Homestead, a resort hotel.</p><br>
<p>The Gentlemens Pool House is the oldest spa structure in the United States. The octagonal wood building was built in 1761. The spas are naturally fed by a 98 &deg;F mineral spring. The mens spa holds 40,000 USgal of constantly flowing water.</p><br>
<p>The Ladies&#39; Pool House was built in 1836. The buildings have changed little over the years, being made of wood with a central pool and a roof that is open to the elements. There are small alcoves around the pool for clothes, and it is usual to bathe naked. Famous bathers include Thomas Jefferson, who spent three weeks in 1819 bathing three times day and described the waters in a letter to his daughter, Martha Jefferson Randolph, as being of "first merit".</p><br>
<p>The site was listed as Warm Springs Bathhouses on the Virginia Landmarks Register on November 11, 1968 and the National Register of Historic Places on October 8, 1969.</p><br>
<p>The Jefferson Pools were ordered closed by Bath County in October 2017 due to the deteriorated condition of the bathhouses becoming a safety hazard.</p><br>
<p>The Old Administration Building at Bryce Canyon National Park, also known as the Bryce Canyon Nature Museum, was the first National Park Service building built within the park. Located near Sunrise Point in a heavily used portion of the park, the building was designed by the National Park Service Branch of Plans and Designs in the National Park Service Rustic style preferred at the time for park structures. It is in the immediate vicinity of the Bryce Inn.</p><br>
<p>The Administration Building was built in 1933 in logs on a stone foundation. The T-shaped 1-1/2 story building was built in two phases. The first phase was the large public room in the eastern portion of the building. The addition contained Park Service office space.</p><br>
<p>The Utah Parks Company Service Station in Bryce Canyon National Park was built in 1947 to serve automobile-borne visitors to the park. The service station was designed for the Utah Parks Company by architect Ambrose Spence in a style that was sympathetic to the prevailing National Park Service Rustic style, but was much simpler and more modern in character. In this manner, it foreshadowed the consciously simplified designs developed during the Mission 66 project.</p><br>
<p>The service station is located between the Bryce Canyon Lodge and Sunrise Point. The dominant feature is a coursed sandstone wall that curves around the structure. The front of the service station is similar to many modern stations, with a series of flat roofs in different planes projecting from the stone wall. A prominent canopy shelters the pumps. The interior comprises a sales room, storage room, service bay and two toilets.</p><br>
<p>The station was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<p>Hatzic Lake is an oxbow lake adjoining the Fraser River on the east side of Mission, British Columbia, Canada, immediately below that district municipality&#39;s neighbourhood of Hatzic, which is on a benchland above and to the west of the lake. Its waters subject to flood control, it is no longer natural as the land in the centre of the oxbow, Hatzic Island, is a relatively densely populated suburban and recreational community. The length of the lake, on its north-south axis, is approximately 3.7 km, while Hatzic Island is approximately 2.6 km in length, with the widest parts of the lake off the northern end of the oblong island at about 775 m. The width of the lake inclusive from its extreme west to east is about 2.5 km. BC Highway 7 and the mainline of the Canadian Pacific Railway cross its southern end, just south of the southernmost parts of Hatzic Island.</p><br>
<p>The west shore of the lake is in the District of Mission, while the rest is unincorporated area, including Hatzic Island, municipal-type services for which are administered by the Fraser Valley Regional District. North of the lake the floodplain is called Hatzic Prairie an agricultural area which continues northwards between the uplands of Mission Municipality (W) and the bulk of Dewdney Peak (E), which is known locally as Hatzic Mountain and includes the small settlement of Durieu.</p><br>
<p>The lake is very shallow and warm and is popular for swimming, water sports and water-skiing and in addition to a large number of private residences has a few commercial campgrounds. A municipal park is located on the western shore of the lake within the District of Mission.</p><br>
<p>The Mountain States Telephone Building  is a historic building located at 931 14th Street in Denver, Colorado. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 26, 2005.</p><br>
<p>It served as the headquarters of the Mountain States Telephone & Telegraph Company, later known as Mountain Bell. Constructed in a variant of the Gothic Revival style named "Modern American Perpendicular Gothic," the building was designed by local architect William N. Bowman. The new building, completed in 1929, was built to provide dial telephone service for the first time in Denver.</p><br>
<p>It is a 15-story building with buff-colored terra cotta, on a pink granite base. According to its NRHP nomination, the "Mountain States Telephone and Telegraph Company, the buildings original owner, called its architectural style Modern American Perpendicular Gothic,&#39; referring to its setbacks, massing, vertically, and Gothic Revival style ornamentation."</p><br>
<p>Hermann Historic District is a national historic district located at Hermann, Gasconade County, Missouri. The district encompasses 360 contributing buildings, 4 contributing structures, and 3 contributing objects in the central business district and surrounding residential sections of Hermann. The district developed between about 1838 and 1910, and includes representative examples of Greek Revival and Classical Revival style architecture. Notable buildings include the Eitzen</p><br>
<p>House (1855), Potnmer-Gentner House (1848), Hermann City Hall (1906), Strehly House (1845), Concert Hall (1877), The German School (1871), and Gasconade County Courthouse (1896).</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, with a boundary increase in 2006.</p><br>
<p>The Adriatic Sea is a body of water separating the Italian Peninsula from the Balkan peninsula and the Apennine Mountains from the Dinaric Alps and adjacent ranges. The Adriatic is the northernmost arm of the Mediterranean Sea, extending from the Strait of Otranto  to the northwest and the Po Valley. The countries with coasts on the Adriatic are Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Italy, Montenegro and Slovenia. The Adriatic contains over 1,300 islands, mostly located along its eastern, Croatian coast. It is divided into three basins, the northern being the shallowest and the southern being the deepest, with a maximum depth of 1,233 m. The Otranto Sill, an underwater ridge, is located at the border between the Adriatic and Ionian Seas. The prevailing currents flow counterclockwise from the Strait of Otranto, along the eastern coast and back to the strait along the western  coast. Tidal movements in the Adriatic are slight, although larger amplitudes are known to occur occasionally. The Adriatics salinity is lower than the Mediterraneans because the Adriatic collects a third of the fresh water flowing into the Mediterranean, acting as a dilution basin. The surface water temperatures generally range from 30 &deg;C in summer to 12 &deg;C in winter, significantly moderating the Adriatic Basin&#39;s climate.</p><br>
<p>The Adriatic Sea sits on the Apulian or Adriatic Microplate, which separated from the African Plate in the Mesozoic era. The plates movement contributed to the formation of the surrounding mountain chains and Apennine tectonic uplift after its collision with the Eurasian plate. In the Late Oligocene, the Apennine Peninsula first formed, separating the Adriatic Basin from the rest of the Mediterranean. All types of sediment are found in the Adriatic, with the bulk of the material transported by the Po and other rivers on the western coast. The western coast is alluvial or terraced, while the eastern coast is highly indented with pronounced karstification. There are dozens of marine protected areas in the Adriatic, designed to protect the seas karst habitats and biodiversity. The sea is abundant in flora and fauna—more than 7,000 species are identified as native to the Adriatic, many of them endemic, rare and threatened ones.</p><br>
<p>The Adriatics shores are populated by more than 3.5 million people; the largest cities are Bari, Venice, Trieste and Split. The earliest settlements on the Adriatic shores were Etruscan, Illyrian, and Greek. By the 2nd century BC, the shores were under Romes control. In the Middle Ages, the Adriatic shores and the sea itself were controlled, to a varying extent, by a series of states—most notably the Byzantine Empire, the Serbian Empire, the Republic of Venice, the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire. The Napoleonic Wars resulted in the First French Empire gaining coastal control and the British effort to counter the French in the area, ultimately securing most of the eastern Adriatic shore and the Po Valley for Austria. Following Italian unification, the Kingdom of Italy started an eastward expansion that lasted until the 20th century. Following World War I and the collapse of Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire, the eastern coasts control passed to Yugoslavia and Albania. The former disintegrated during the 1990s, resulting in four new states on the Adriatic coast. Italy and Yugoslavia agreed on their maritime boundaries by 1975 and this boundary is recognised by Yugoslavias successor states, but the maritime boundaries between Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian-Herzegovinian, and Montenegrin waters are still disputed. Italy and Albania agreed on their maritime boundary in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Fisheries and tourism are significant sources of income all along the Adriatic coast. Adriatic Croatias tourism industry has grown faster economically than the rest of the Adriatic Basins. Maritime transport is also a significant branch of the area&#39;s economy—there are 19 seaports in the Adriatic that each handle more than a million tonnes of cargo per year. The largest Adriatic seaport by annual cargo turnover is the Port of Trieste, while the Port of Split is the largest Adriatic seaport by passengers served per year.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Adriatic Sea is a semi-enclosed sea, bordered in the southwest by the Apennine or Italian Peninsula, in the northwest by the Italian regions of Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia, and in the northeast by Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Albania—the Balkan peninsula. In the southeast, the Adriatic Sea connects to the Ionian Sea at the 72 km wide Strait of Otranto. The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) defines the boundary between the Adriatic and the Ionian seas as a line running from the Butrinto Rivers mouth (latitude 39°44N) in Albania to the Karagol Cape in Corfu, through this island to the Kephali Cape (these two capes are in latitude 39°45N), and on to the Santa Maria di Leuca Cape (latitude 39°48N). It extends 800 km from the northwest to the southeast and is 200 km wide. It covers 138,600 km&sup2; and has a volume of 35,000 km3. The Adriatic extends northwest from 40° to 45°47 north, representing the Mediterraneans northernmost portion. The sea is geographically divided into the Northern Adriatic, Central (or Middle) Adriatic, and Southern Adriatic. The Adriatic Sea drainage basin encompasses 235,000 km&sup2, yielding a land–sea ratio of 1.8. The drainage basin&#39;s mean elevation is 782 m above sea level, with a mean slope of 12.1°. Major rivers discharging into the Adriatic include the Po, Soča, Krka, Neretva, Drin, Bojana, and Vjosë. In the late 19th century, Austria-Hungary established a geodetic network with an elevation benchmark using the average Adriatic Sea level at the Sartorio pier in Trieste, Italy. The benchmark was subsequently retained by Austria, adopted by Yugoslavia, and retained by the states that emerged after its dissolution. In 2016, Slovenia adopted a new elevation benchmark referring to the upgraded tide gauge station in the coastal town of Koper.</p><br>
<h3>Population</h3><br>
<p>On the Adriatic Sea&#39;s coasts and islands, there are numerous small settlements, and a number of larger cities. Among the largest are Bari, Venice, Trieste, and Rimini in Italy, Split, Rijeka and Zadar in Croatia, Durrës and Vlorë in Albania and Koper in Slovenia. In total, more than 3.5 million people live on the Adriatic coasts. There are also some larger cities that are located very near the coast, such as the Italian cities of Ravenna and Lecce.</p><br>
<h2>Coastal management</h2><br>
<p>Venice, which was originally built on islands off the coast, is most at risk due to subsidence, but the threat is present in the Po delta as well. The causes are a decrease in sedimentation rate due to loss of sediment behind dams, the deliberate excavation of sand for industrial purposes, agricultural use of water, and removal of ground water.</p><br>
<p>The sinking of Venice slowed after artesian wells were banned in the 1960s, but the city remains threatened by the acqua alta floods. Recent studies have suggested that the city is no longer sinking, but a state of alert remains in place. In May 2003, then-Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi inaugurated the MOSE project (Modulo Sperimentale Elettromeccanico), an experimental model for evaluating the performance of inflatable gates. The project proposes laying a series of 79 inflatable pontoons across the sea bed at the three entrances to the Venetian Lagoon. When tides are predicted to rise above 110 cm, the pontoons will be filled with air and block the incoming water from the Adriatic Sea. This engineering work is due to be completed by 2014.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Geophysical and geological information indicate that the Adriatic Sea and the Po Valley are associated with a tectonic microplate—identified as the Apulian or Adriatic Plate—that separated from the African Plate during the Mesozoic era. This separation began in the Middle and Late Triassic, when limestone began to be deposited in the area. Between the Norian and Late Cretaceous, the Adriatic and Apulia Carbonate Platforms formed as a thick series of carbonate sediments (dolomites and limestones), up to 8,000 m deep. Remnants of the former are found in the Adriatic Sea, as well as in the southern Alps and the Dinaric Alps, and remnants of the latter are seen as the Gargano Promontory and the Maiella mountain. In the Eocene and early Oligocene, the plate moved north and north-east, contributing to the Alpine orogeny (along with the African and Eurasian Plates movements) via the tectonic uplift of the Dinarides and Alps. In the Late Oligocene, the motion was reversed and the Apennine Mountains orogeny took place. An unbroken zone of increased seismic activity borders the Adriatic Sea, with a belt of thrust faults generally oriented in the northeast–southwest direction on the east coast and the northeast–southwest normal faults in the Apennines, indicating an Adriatic counterclockwise rotation. An active 200 km fault has been identified to the northwest of Dubrovnik, adding to the Dalmatian islands as the Eurasian Plate slides over the Adriatic microplate. Furthermore, the fault causes the Apennine peninsula&#39;s southern tip to move towards the opposite shore by about 0.4 cm per year. If this movement continues, the seafloor will be completely consumed and the Adriatic Sea closed off in 50–70 million years. In the Northern Adriatic, the coast of the Gulf of Trieste and western Istria is gradually subsiding, having sunk about 1.5 m in the past two thousand years. In the Middle Adriatic Basin, there is evidence of Permian volcanism in the area of Komiža on the island of Vis and the volcanic islands of Jabuka and Brusnik. Earthquakes have been observed in the region since the earliest historical records. A recent strong earthquake in the region was the 1979 Montenegro earthquake, measuring 7.0 on the Richter scale. Historical earthquakes in the area include the 1627 Gargano peninsula and the 1667 Dubrovnik earthquakes, both followed by strong tsunamis. In the last 600 years, fifteen tsunamis have occurred in the Adriatic Sea.</p><br>
<h3>Seafloor sediment</h3><br>
<p>All types of seafloor sediments are found in the Adriatic Sea. The Northern Adriatics comparatively shallow seabed is characterised by relict sand (from times when the water level was lower and the area was a sandy beach), while a muddy bed is typical at depths below 100 m. There are five geomorphological units in the Adriatic: the Northern Adriatic (up to 100 m deep); the North Adriatic islands area protected against sediments filling it in by outer islands (pre-Holocene karst relief); the Middle Adriatic islands area (large Dalmatian islands); the Middle Adriatic (characterized by the Middle Adriatic Depression); and the Southern Adriatic consisting of a coastal shelf and the Southern Adriatic Depression. Sediments deposited in the Adriatic Sea today generally come from the northwest coast, being carried by the Po, Reno, Adige, Brenta, Tagliamento, Piave and Soča rivers. The volume of sediments carried from the eastern shore by the Rječina, Zrmanja, Krka, Cetina, Ombla, Dragonja, Mirna, Raša and Neretva rivers is negligible, because these sediments are mostly deposited at the river mouths. The Adriatics western shores are largely either alluvial or terraced, whereas the eastern shores are predominantly rocky, except for the southernmost part of the shore located in Albania that consists of sandy coves and rocky capes.</p><br>
<h3>Coasts</h3><br>
<p>The eastern Adriatic shores Croatian part is the most indented Mediterranean coastline. Most of the eastern coast is characterised by a karst topography, developed from the Adriatic Carbonate Platforms exposure to weathering. Karstification there largely began after the Dinarides&#39; final uplift in the Oligocene and the Miocene, when carbonate deposits were exposed to atmospheric effects; this extended to the level of 120 m below the present sea level, exposed during the Last Glacial Maximum. It is estimated that some karst formations are from earlier sea level drops, most notably the Messinian salinity crisis. Similarly, karst developed in Apulia from the Apulian Carbonate Platform.</p><br>
<p>The largest part of the eastern coast consists of carbonate rocks, while flysch (a particular type of sedimentary rock) is significantly represented in the Gulf of Trieste coast, especially along Slovenia&#39;s coast where the 80 m Strunjan cliff—the highest cliff on the entire Adriatic and the only one of its type on the eastern Adriatic coast—is located, on the Kvarner Gulf coast opposite Krk, and in Dalmatia north of Split. Rocks of the same type are found in Albania and on the western Adriatic coast.</p><br>
<p>There are alternations of maritime and alluvial sediments occurring in the Po Valley, at the Adriatic&#39;s north-west coast, and as far west as Piacenza, dating to the Pleistocene as the sea advanced and receded over the valley. An advance began after the Last Glacial Maximum, which brought the Adriatic to a high point at about 5,500 years ago. Since then, the Po delta has been prograding (expanding/extending). The rate of coastal zone progradation between 1000 BC and 1200 AD was 4 m per year. In the 12th century, the delta advanced at a rate of 25 m per year. In the 17th century, the delta began to become a human-controlled environment, as the excavation of artificial channels started; the channels and new distributaries of the Po have been prograding at rates of 50 m per year or more since then. There are more than 20 other rivers flowing into the Adriatic Sea in Italy alone, also forming alluvial coastlines, including the lagoons of Venice, Grado and Caorle. There are smaller eastern Adriatic alluvial coasts—in the deltas of the Dragonja, Bojana and Neretva rivers.</p><br>
<h2>Biogeography and ecology</h2><br>
<p>The Adriatic Sea is a unique water body in respect of its overall biogeochemical physiognomy. It exports inorganic nutrients and imports particulate organic carbon and nitrogen through the Strait of Otranto—acting as a mineralization site. The exchange of the substances is made more complex by bathymetry of the Adriatic Sea—75% of water flowing north through the strait recirculates at the Palagruža Sill and North Adriatic adds no more than 3 – 4% of water to the South Adriatic. This is reflected in its biogeography and ecology, and particularly in the composition and properties of its ecosystems. Its main biogeographic units are the Northern Adriatic, the Central Adriatic, and the Southern Adriatic.</p><br>
<h3>Flora and fauna</h3><br>
<p>The unique nature of the Adriatic gives rise to an abundance of endemic flora and fauna. The Croatian National Biodiversity Strategy Action Plan identified more than 7,000 animal and plant species in the Adriatic Sea. The Central Adriatic is especially abundant in endemic plant species, with 535 identified species of green, brown and red algae. Four out of five Mediterranean seagrass species are found in the Adriatic Sea. The most common species are Cymodocea nodosa and Zostera noltii, while Zostera marina and Posidonia oceanica are comparatively rare.</p><br>
<p>A number of rare and threatened species are also found along the Adriatics eastern coast; it is relatively clearer and less polluted than the western Adriatic coast—in part because the sea currents flow through the Adriatic in a counterclockwise direction, thus bringing clearer waters up the eastern coast and returning increasingly polluted water down the western coast. This circulation has significantly contributed to the biodiversity of the countries along the eastern Adriatic coast; the common bottlenose dolphin is frequent in the eastern coasts waters only, and the Croatian coast provides refuge for the critically endangered monk seal and sea turtles. Recent studies revealed that cetaceans and other marine megafaunas, that were once thought to be vagrants to Adriatic Sea, migrate and live in the semi-closed sea on larger scales.D.</p><br>
<p>Holcer D. Fortuna M.C. Mackelworth C. P. 2014. (pdf). United Nations Environment Programme. Mediterranean Action Plan. Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas. Retrieved on September 04, 2017 Largest of these live normally is the fin whale, and sperm whale, the largest of toothed whales also migrate but less common than fin whales, followed by Cuvier&#39;s beaked whales. Basking sharks and manta rays are some of migrant species to the sea. Historical presences of depleted or extinct species such as North Atlantic right whales (extinct or functionally extinct), atlantic gray whales (extinct), and humpback whales have been speculated as well.</p><br>
<p>The Northern Adriatic in particular is rich in endemic fish fauna. Around thirty species of fish are found in only one or two countries bordering the Adriatic Sea. These are particularly due to or dependent upon the karst morphology of the coastal or submarine topography; this includes inhabiting subterranean habitats, karst rivers, and areas around freshwater springs. There are 45 known subspecies endemic to the Adriatic&#39;s coasts and islands. In the Adriatic, there are at least 410 species and subspecies of fish, representing approximately 70% of Mediterranean taxa, with at least 7 species endemic to the Adriatic. Sixty-four known species are threatened with extinction, largely because of overfishing. Only a small fraction of the fish found in the Adriatic are attributed to recent processes such as Lessepsian migration, and escape from mariculture.</p><br>
<h3>Protected areas</h3><br>
<p>The biodiversity of the Adriatic is relatively high, and several marine protected areas have been established by countries along its coasts. In Italy, these are Miramare in the Gulf of Trieste (in the Northern Adriatic), Torre del Cerrano and Isole Tremiti in the Middle Adriatic basin and Torre Guaceto in southern Apulia. The Miramare protected area was established in 1986 and covers 30 hectare of coast and 90 hectare of sea. The area encompasses 1.8 km of coastline near the Miramare promontory in the Gulf of Trieste. The Torre del Cerrano protected area was created in 2009, extending 3 nmi into the sea and along 7 km of coastline. Various zones of the protected area cover 37 km&sup2; of sea surface. The Isole Tremiti reserve has been protected since 1989, while the Tremiti islands themselves are part of the Gargano National Park. The Torre Guaceto protected area, located near Brindisi and Carovigno, covers a sea surface of 2,227 hectare and is adjacent to the Torre Guaceto State Reserve covering 1,114 hectare of coast and sharing an 8 km coastline with the marine protected area. Furthermore, there are 10 internationally important (Ramsar) wetland reserves in Italy located along the Adriatic coast.</p><br>
<p>There are seven marine protected areas in Croatia: Brijuni and the Lim Canal off the Istria peninsulas coast, near Pula and Rovinj respectively; Kornati and Telašćica in the Middle Adriatic basin, near Zadar; and Lastovo, Bay of Mali Ston (Malostonski zaljev) and Mljet in southern Dalmatia. The Brijuni national park encompasses the 743.3 hectare archipelago itself and 2,651.7 hectare of surrounding sea; it became a national park in 1999. The Lim Canal is a 10 km ria of the Pazinčica river. The Kornati national park was established in 1980; it covers approximately 220 km&sup2, including 89 islands and islets. The marine environment encompasses three quarters of the total area, while the island shores combined length equals 238 km. Telašćica is a nature park established on Dugi Otok in 1988. The park covers 69 km of coastline, 22.95 km&sup2; of land and 44.55 km&sup2; of sea. The Bay of Mali Ston is located at the border of Croatia and Bosnia–Herzegovina, north of the Pelješac peninsula. The marine protected area covers 48 km&sup2;. The Lastovo nature park was established in 2006, and it includes 44 islands and islets, 53 km&sup2; of land and 143 km&sup2; of sea surface. The Mljet national park was established in 1960, covering a 24 km&sup2; marine protection area. In addition, there is a Ramsar wetland reserve in Croatia—the Neretva river&#39;s delta.</p><br>
<p>In Slovenia, the marine and coastal protected nature areas are the Sečovlje Salina Landscape Park, Strunjan Landscape Park, Škocjan Inlet Nature Reserve, and the Debeli Rtič, Cape Madona and Lakes in Fiesa natural monuments. The Sečovlje Salina Landscape Park was established in 1990, covers 721 hectare, and includes four nature reserves. In 1993, the area was designated a Ramsar site; the Cape Madona natural monument covers 12 hectare, and the Lakes in Fiesa natural monument, with the coastal lake as the only brackish lake in Slovenia, covers 2.1 hectare.</p><br>
<p>In 2010, Albania established its first marine protection area, the Karaburun-Sazan National Marine Park at the Karaburun Peninsula where the Adriatic and Ionian Seas meet. The park covers a total of 12,570 hectare. Two additional marine protection areas are planned in Albania: the Cape of Rodon (Kepi i Rodonit) and Porto Palermo. In addition, Albania is home to two Ramsar wetland reserves: Karavasta Lagoon, and Butrint. Neither Bosnia–Herzegovina nor Montenegro have or plan to establish any marine protection areas.</p><br>
<h3>Pollution</h3><br>
<p>The Adriatic Sea ecosystem is threatened by excessive input of nutrients through drainage from agricultural land and wastewater flowing from cities; this includes both along its coast and from rivers draining into the sea—especially from the Po River. Venice is often cited as an example of polluted coastal waters where shipping, transportation, farming, manufacturing and wastewater disposal contribute to polluting the sea. A further risk is presented by ballast water discharge by ships, especially tankers. Still, since most of the cargo handled by the Adriatic ports, and virtually all liquid (tanker) cargo handled by the ports, is coming to—not coming from—the Adriatic Basin, the risk from ballast water (from tankers expelling ballast water then loading in the Adriatic) remains minimal. However, proposed export oil pipelines were objected to specifically because of this issue. Oil spills are a major concern in terms of potential environmental impact and damage to tourism and fisheries. It is estimated that if a major oil spill happened, a million people would lose their livelihoods in Croatia alone. An additional risk is presented by oil refineries in the Po River basin where oil spills have occurred before, in addition to accidents occurring in the Adriatic already, so far with no significant environmental consequences. Since 2006, Italy has been considering the construction of an offshore and an onshore LNG terminal in the Gulf of Trieste, as well as a pipeline, in the immediate vicinity of the Slovenian–Italian border. The Slovenian government and municipalities, the municipal council of Trieste, and non-governmental organisations have voiced concern over their environmental hazards, effect on transport and effect on tourism.</p><br>
<p>Another source of pollution of the Adriatic is solid waste. Drifting waste—occasionally relatively large quantities of material, especially waste plastic—is transported northwest by the sirocco. Air pollution in the Adriatic Basin is associated with the large industrial centres in the Po River valley and the large industrial cities along the coast.</p><br>
<p>Italy and Yugoslavia established a joint commission to protect the Adriatic Sea from pollution in 1977; the organization later changed with Slovenia, Croatia and Montenegro replacing Yugoslavia. Future pollution hazards are addressed and pollution hotspots are assessed not only by nations in the basin but also through regional projects with World Bank support. 27 such hotspots have been determined as of 2011, 6 warranting an urgent response.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The origins of the name Adriatic are linked to the Etruscan settlement of Adria, which probably derives its name from the Illyrian adur meaning water or sea. In classical antiquity, the sea was known as Mare Adriaticum (Mare Hadriaticum, also sometimes simplified to Adria) or, less frequently, as Mare Superum, " upper sea". The two terms were not synonymous, however. Mare Adriaticum generally corresponds to the Adriatic Seas extent, spanning from the Gulf of Venice to the Strait of Otranto. That boundary became more consistently defined by Roman authors—early Greek sources place the boundary between the Adriatic and Ionian seas at various places ranging from adjacent to the Gulf of Venice to the southern tip of the Peloponnese, eastern shores of Sicily and western shores of Crete. Mare Superum on the other hand normally encompassed both the modern Adriatic Sea and the sea off the Apennine peninsulas southern coast, as far as the Strait of Sicily. Another name used in the period was Mare Dalmaticum, applied to waters off the coast of Dalmatia or Illyricum.</p><br>
<p>The names for the sea in the languages of the surrounding countries include Deti Adriatik; Mèr Adriatic; Mâr Adriatic; Αδριατική θάλασσα Adriatiki Thalassa; Marea Adriatică; Mare Adriatico; Jadransko More / Јадранско море; Jadransko Morje; Mar Adriàtico. In Croatian and Slovene, the sea is often referred to as simply Jadran.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Settlements along the Adriatic dating to between 6100 and 5900 BC appear in Albania and Dalmatia on the eastern coast, related to the Cardium Pottery culture. During classical antiquity, Illyrians inhabited the eastern Adriatic coast, and the western coast was inhabited by the peoples of Ancient Italy, mainly Etruscans, before the Roman Republic&#39;s rise. Greek colonisation of the Adriatic dates back to the 7th and 6th centuries BC when Epidamnos and Apollonia were founded. The Greeks soon expanded further north establishing several cities, including Epidaurus, Black Corcyra, Issa and Ancona, with trade established as far north as the Po River delta, where the emporion (trading station) of Adria was founded.</p><br>
<h3>Roman era</h3><br>
<p>Roman economic and military influence in the region began to grow with the creation by 246 BC of a major naval base at Brundisium (now Brindisi), which was established to bar Carthaginian ships from the Adriatic during the Punic Wars. This led to conflict with the Illyrians, who lived in a collection of semi-Hellenized kingdoms that covered much of the Balkans and controlled the eastern shore of the sea, resulting in the Illyrian Wars from 229–168 BC. The initial Roman intervention in 229 BC, motivated in part by a desire to suppress Illyrian piracy in the Adriatic, marked the first time that the Roman navy crossed that sea to launch a military campaign. Those wars ended with the eastern shore becoming a province of the Roman Republic. However, resistance to Roman rule continued sporadically and Rome did not completely consolidate control of the region until Augustus&#39;s general Tiberius put down the Great Illyrian Revolt, a bitter struggle waged from 6 to 9 AD. Following the repression of the revolt the Roman province of Illyricum was split into Dalmatia and Pannonia. Most of the eastern shore of the Adriatic was part of Dalmatia, except for the southernmost portion, part of the province of Macedonia, and the peninsula of Istria on the northern part of the eastern shore; Istria contained the important Roman colony at Pula and was incorporated into the province of Italy.</p><br>
<p>During the Roman period Brundisium, on the western shore, and Apollonia and Dyrrachium (originally called Epidamnos, now Durrës in Albania) on the eastern shore became important ports. Brundisium was linked by the Via Appia road to the city of Rome, and Dyrrachium and Apollonia were both on the Via Egnatia, a road that by about 130 BC the Romans had extended eastward across the Balkans to Byzantium (later Constantinople, now Istanbul). This made the sea passage across the Adriatic between Brundisium and Dyrrachium (or Apollonia) a link in the primary route for travelers, trade, and troop movements, between Rome and the East. This route played a major role in some of the military operations that marked the end of the Roman Republic and start of the imperial period. Sulla used it during the First Mithridatic War. During Caesars Civil War, there was a three-month delay in Caesars Balkan campaign against Pompey caused when winter storms on the Adriatic and a naval blockade held up Mark Antony from reaching him from Brundisium with reinforcements; after the reinforcements finally arrived Caesar made an unsuccessful attempt to capture Dyrrachium before the campaign moved inland. Marc Antony and Octavian (later Augustus) crossed the Adriatic to Dyrrachium with their armies in their campaign against two of Caesars assassins, Brutus and Cassius, that culminated in the Battle of Philippi. Brundisium and Dyrrachium remained important ports well after the Roman period, but an earthquake in the 3rd century AD changed the path of a river causing Apollonias harbor to silt up, and the city to decline.</p><br>
<p>Another city on the Italian coast of the Adriatic that increased in importance during the Roman era was Ravenna. During the reign of Augustus it became a major naval base as part of his program to re-organize the Roman navy to better protect commerce in the Mediterranean. During the 4th century AD the emperors of the Western Roman Empire had moved their official residence north from Rome to Mediolanum (now Milan) in order to be better able to control the military frontier with the Germanic tribes. In 402 AD, during a period of repeated Germanic invasions of Italy, the capital was shifted to Ravenna because nearby marshes made it more defensible, and the Adriatic provided an easy escape path by sea. When the Western Empire fell in 476 AD Ravenna became the capital of the Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy.</p><br>
<h3>Middle Ages</h3><br>
<p>In the Early Middle Ages, after the Roman Empires decline, the Adriatics coasts were ruled by Ostrogoths, Lombards and the Byzantine Empire. The Ostrogothic Kingdom ruled Italy following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD. However, during the reign of Justinian the Byzantine Empire sent an army under the general Belisarius to regain control of Italy, resulting in the Gothic War (535–554). The Byzantines established the Exarchate of Ravenna and by 553 AD their viceroy (Exarch) ruled almost the entire Italian peninsula from that city. In 568 AD the Lombards invaded northern Italy, and over the course of the next century or so the importance of the Exarchate declined as the territory under Lombard control expanded and as the Byzantine outpost of Venice became increasingly independent. In 752 AD the Lombards overthrew the Exarchate, ending the influence of the Byzantine Empire on the western shore of the Adriatic for a few centuries.</p><br>
<p>The last part of the period saw the rise of the Carolingian Empire and then the Frankish Kingdom of Italy, which controlled the Adriatic Seas western coast, while Byzantine Dalmatia on the east coast gradually shrunk following the Avar and Croatian invasions starting in the 7th century. The Republic of Venice was founded during this period and went on to become a significant maritime power after receiving a Byzantine tax exemption in 1082. The end of the period brought about the Holy Roman Empires control over the Kingdom of Italy (which would last until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648), the establishment of an independent Kingdom of Croatia and the Byzantine Empire&#39;s return to the southern Apennine peninsula. In addition, the Papal States were carved out in the area around Rome and central Italy in the 8th century.</p><br>
<p>The High Middle Ages in the Adriatic Sea basin saw further territorial changes, including the Norman conquest of southern Italy ending the Byzantine presence on the Apennine peninsula in the 11th and 12th centuries (the territory would become the Kingdom of Naples in 1282) and the control of a substantial part of the eastern Adriatic coast by the Kingdom of Hungary after a personal union was established between Croatia and Hungary in 1102. In this period, the Republic of Venice began to expand its territory and influence. In 1202, the Fourth Crusade was diverted to conquer Zadar at the behest of the Venetians—the first instance of a Crusader force attacking a Catholic city—before proceeding to sack Constantinople. In the 13th century, Venice established itself as a leading maritime nation. During much of the 12th and 13th centuries, Venice and the Republic of Genoa were engaged in warfare culminating in the War of Chioggia, ousting the Genoese from the Adriatic. Still, the 1381 Treaty of Turin that ended the war required Venice to renounce claims to Dalmatia, after losing the territory to Hungary in 1358. In the same year, the Republic of Ragusa was established in Dubrovnik as a city-state after it was freed from Venetian suzerainty.</p><br>
<p>Venice regained Dalmatia in 1409 and held it for nearly four hundred years, with the republics apex of trading and military power in the first half of the 15th century. The 15th and the 16th centuries brought about the Byzantine Empires destruction in 1453 and the Ottoman Empire&#39;s expansion that reached Adriatic shores in present-day Albania and Montenegro as well as the immediate hinterland of the Dalmatian coast, defeating the Hungarian and Croatian armies at Krbava in 1493 and Mohács in 1526. These defeats spelled the end of an independent Hungarian kingdom, and both Croatian and Hungarian nobility chose Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg as their new ruler, bringing the Habsburg Monarchy to the shore of the Adriatic Sea, where it would remain for nearly four hundred years. The Ottomans and Venetians fought a series of wars, but until the 17th century these were not fought in the Adriatic area. Ottoman raids on the Adriatic coasts effectively ceased after the massive setback in the Battle of Lepanto in October 1571.</p><br>
<h3>Early modern period</h3><br>
<p>In 1648, the Holy Roman Empire lost its claim on its former Italian lands, formally ending the Kingdom of Italy; however, its only outlet on the Adriatic Sea, the Duchy of Ferrara, was already lost to the Papal States. The 17th centurys final territorial changes were caused by the Morean or Sixth Ottoman–Venetian War, when in 1699 Venice slightly enlarged its possessions in Dalmatia. In 1797, the Republic of Venice was abolished after the French conquest. The Venetian territory was then handed over to Austria and briefly ruled as part of the Archduchy of Austria. The territory was turned back over to France after the Peace of Pressburg in 1805, when the territory in the Po valley became an integral part of the new Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy. The new kingdom included the province of Romagna, thus removing the Papal State from the Adriatic coast; however, Trieste, Istria and Dalmatia were joined into a set of separate provinces of the French Empire: the Illyrian Provinces. These were created in 1809 through the Treaty of Schönbrunn; they represented the end of Venetian rule on the eastern Adriatic coast, as well as the end of the Republic of Ragusa. The Adriatic Sea was a minor theatre in the Napoleonic Wars; the Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814 involved the British Royal Navy contesting the Adriatics control by the combined navies of France, Italy and the Kingdom of Naples. During the campaign, the Royal Navy occupied Vis and established its base there in Port St. George. The campaign reached its climax in the 1811 Battle of Lissa, and ended with British and Austrian troops seizing the coastal cities on the eastern Adriatic coast from the French. Days before the Battle of Waterloo, the Congress of Vienna awarded the Illyrian Provinces (spanning from the Gulf of Trieste to the Bay of Kotor) to Austria. The Congress of Vienna also created the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia which encompassed the city of Venice, the surrounding coast and a substantial hinterland, and was controlled by Austria. In the Apennine peninsula&#39;s south, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was formed in 1816 by unifying the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily.</p><br>
<h3>Modern period</h3><br>
<p>The process of Italian unification culminated in the Second Italian War of Independence, resulting in the Kingdom of Sardinia annexing all territories along the western Adriatic coast south of Venetia in 1860, and the 1861 establishment of the Kingdom of Italy in its place. The Kingdom of Italy expanded in 1866: it annexed Venetia, but its navy was defeated in the Adriatic near Vis. Following the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement of 1868, the control of much of the eastern Adriatic coast was redefined. The cisleithanian (Austrian) part of Austria-Hungary spanned from the Austrian Littoral to the Bay of Kotor, with the exception of the Croatian Littoral mainland. In the territory outside the Austrian Littoral, special status was given to Fiume (modern day Rijeka) as a separate part of the Kingdom of Hungary. The rest of the territory was made a part of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, which in turn was also in the Transleithanian part of the dual monarchy. The Adriatic coastline controlled by the Ottoman Empire was reduced by the Congress of Berlin in 1878, through recognition of the independence of the Principality of Montenegro, which controlled the coast south of the Bay of Kotor to the Bojana River. The Ottoman Empire lost all territories along the Adriatic following the First Balkan War and consequent 1913 Treaty of London that established an independent Albania.</p><br>
<p>The World War I Adriatic Campaign was largely limited to blockade attempts by the Allies and the effort of the Central Powers to thwart the British, French and Italian moves. Italy joined the Allies in April 1915 with the Treaty of London, which promised Italy the Austrian Littoral, northern Dalmatia, the port of Vlorë, most of the eastern Adriatic islands and Albania as a protectorate. The treaty provided the basis for all the following divisions between Italy and Yugoslavia. In 1918, the Montenegrin national assembly voted to unite with the Kingdom of Serbia, giving the latter access to the Adriatic. Another short-lived, unrecognised state established in 1918 was the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, formed from parts of Austria-Hungary, comprising most of the former monarchys Adriatic coastline. Later that year, the Kingdom of Serbia and the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs formed the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes—subsequently renamed Yugoslavia. The proponents of the new union in the Croatian parliament saw the move as a safeguard against Italian expansionism as stipulated in the Treaty of London. The treaty was largely disregarded by Britain and France because of conflicting promises made to Serbia and a perceived lack of Italian contribution to the war effort outside Italy itself. The 1919 Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye did transfer the Austrian Littoral and Istria to Italy, but awarded Dalmatia to Yugoslavia. Following the war, a private force of demobilized Italian soldiers seized Rijeka and set up the Italian Regency of Carnaro—seen as a harbinger of Fascism—in order to force the recognition of Italian claims to the city. After sixteen months of the Regencys existence, the 1920 Treaty of Rapallo redefined the Italian–Yugoslav borders, among other things transferring Zadar and the islands of Cres, Lastovo and Palagruža to Italy, securing the island of Krk for Yugoslavia and establishing the Free State of Fiume; this new state was abolished in 1924 by the Treaty of Rome that awarded Fiume (modern Rijeka) to Italy and Sušak to Yugoslavia.</p><br>
<h3>Late 20th century</h3><br>
<p>During World War II, the Adriatic saw only limited naval action, starting with the Italian invasion of Albania and the joint Axis invasion of Yugoslavia. The latter led to the annexation of a large part of Dalmatia and nearly all the eastern Adriatic islands by Italy and the establishment of two puppet states, the Independent State of Croatia and the Kingdom of Montenegro, which controlled the remainder of the former Yugoslav Adriatic coast. In 1947, after the Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces and the war&#39;s end, Italy (now a republic) and the Allies signed the Treaty of Peace with Italy. The treaty reversed all wartime annexations, guaranteed the independence of Albania, created the Free Territory of Trieste (FTT) as a city-state, and gave communist Yugoslavia most of the Slovenian Littoral, as well as Istria, the islands of Cres, Lastovo and Palagruža, and the cities of Zadar and Rijeka. The FTT was partitioned in 1954: Trieste itself and the area to the North of it were placed under Italian control, while the rest came under Yugoslav control. This arrangement was made permanent in the 1975 Treaty of Osimo.</p><br>
<p>During the Cold War, the Adriatic Sea became the southernmost flank of the Iron Curtain as Italy joined NATO, while the Warsaw Pact established bases in Albania. After the fall of communism, Yugoslavia broke apart: Slovenia and Croatia declared independence in 1991, and Bosnia–Herzegovina followed in 1992, while Montenegro remained in a federation with Serbia, officially called Serbia and Montenegro. The ensuing Croatian War of Independence included limited naval engagements and a blockade of Croatia&#39;s coast by the Yugoslav Navy, leading to the Battle of the Dalmatian channels and a later withdrawal of Yugoslav vessels. Montenegro declared itself independent in 2006, effectively land-locking Serbia. The period also saw the Adriatic Sea as the theatre of several NATO operations, including the blockade of Yugoslavia, intervention in Bosnia-Herzegovina and the 1999 bombing of Yugoslavia.</p><br>
<h2>Boundaries</h2><br>
<p>Italy and Yugoslavia defined their Adriatic continental shelf delimitation in 1968, with an additional agreement signed in 1975 on the Gulf of Trieste boundary, following the Treaty of Osimo. The boundary agreed in 1968 extends 353 nmi and consists of 43 points connected by straight lines or circular arc segments. The additional boundary agreed upon in 1975 consists of 5 points, extending from an end point of the 1968 line. All successor states of former Yugoslavia accepted the agreements. In the Adriatic&#39;s southernmost areas the border was not determined in order to avoid prejudicing the location of the tripoint with the Albanian continental shelf border, which remains undefined. Before the breakup of Yugoslavia, Albania, Italy and Yugoslavia initially proclaimed 15 nmi territorial waters, subsequently reduced to international-standard 12 nmi and all sides adopted baseline systems (mostly in the 1970s). Albania and Italy determined their sea border in 1992 according to the equidistance principle. Following Croatian EU membership, the Adriatic became an internal sea of the EU. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea defines the Adriatic Sea as an enclosed or semi-enclosed sea.</p><br>
<h3>Adriatic Euroregion</h3><br>
<p>The Adriatic Euroregion was established in Pula in 2006 to promote trans-regional and trans-national cooperation in the Adriatic Sea area and serve as an Adriatic framework to help resolve issues of regional importance. The Adriatic Euroregion consists of 23 members: the Apulia, Molise, Abruzzo, Marche, Emilia-Romagna, Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia regions of Italy; the municipality of Izola in Slovenia; the Istria, Primorje-Gorski Kotar, Lika-Senj, Zadar, Šibenik-Knin, Split-Dalmatia and Dubrovnik-Neretva counties of Croatia; the Herzegovina-Neretva Canton of Bosnia–Herzegovina; the municipalities of Kotor and Tivat in Montenegro; the Fier, Vlorë, Tirana, Shkodër, Durrës and Lezhë counties of Albania; and the Greek prefectures of Thesprotia and Corfu.</p><br>
<h3>Disputes</h3><br>
<p>The former Yugoslav republics land borders were decided by demarcation commissions implementing the AVNOJ decisions of 1943 and 1945, but the exact course has not been agreed upon by the successor states, which makes the maritime boundaries definition difficult; the maritime borders were not defined at all in the time of Yugoslavia. In addition, the maritime boundary between Albania and Montenegro was not defined before the 1990s.</p><br>
<p>Croatia and Slovenia started negotiations to define maritime borders in the Gulf of Piran in 1992 but failed to agree, resulting in a dispute. Both countries also declared their economic zones, which partially overlap. Aside from the EU membership difficulty, even before its settling the dispute has caused no major practical problems.</p><br>
<p>The maritime boundary between Bosnia–Herzegovina and Croatia was formally settled in 1999, but a few issues are still in dispute—the Klek peninsula and two islets in the border area. The Croatia–Montenegro maritime boundary is disputed in the Bay of Kotor, at the Prevlaka peninsula. This dispute was exacerbated by the peninsulas occupation by the Yugoslav Peoples Army and later by the (Serbian–Montenegrin) FR Yugoslav Army, which in turn was replaced by a United Nations observer mission that lasted until 2002. Croatia took over the area with an agreement that allowed Montenegrin presence in the bays Croatian waters, and the dispute has become far less contentious since Montenegros independence in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<h3>Fishing</h3><br>
<p>The Adriatic Sea fisherys production is distributed among countries in the basin. In 2000, the nominal—on a live weight basis—total landings of all Adriatic fisheries reached 110,000 t. Overfishing is a recognised problem—450 species of fish live in the Adriatic Sea, including 120 species threatened by excessive commercial fishing, a problem exacerbated by pollution and global warming. Overexploited species include common dentex, red scorpionfish, monkfish, John Dory, blue shark, spiny dogfish, mullet, red mullet, Norway lobster, as well as European hake, and sardines. Turtles and common bottlenose dolphins are also being killed by fishing nets. The depleted fish stock, and Croatias Ecological and Fisheries Protection Zone (ZERP) contributed to accusations of overfishing exchanged between Italian and Croatian fishermen. ZERP was introduced in 2003, but its application to EU member states was suspended in 2004. The depleted stocks of fish are being addressed through a new proposed EU fisheries policy that was scheduled to take effect in 2013, when Croatia acceded to the EU, and restore the stocks to sustainable levels by 2015.</p><br>
<p>The largest volume of fish harvesting was in Italy, where the total production volume in 2007 stood at 465,637 t. In 2003, 28.8% of Italian fisheries production volume was generated in the Northern and central Adriatic, and 24.5% in Apulia (from the Southern Adriatic and Ionian Sea). Italian fisheries, including those operating outside the Adriatic, employed 60,700 in the primary sector, including aquaculture (which comprises 40% of the total fisheries production). The total fisheries output&#39;s gross value in 2002 was $1.9 billion.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, Croatia&#39;s production in live weight reached 53,083 t. In 2006, the total Croatian fisheries production volume was 37,800 t of catch and 14,200 t from marine aquaculture. Croatian fisheries employed approximately 20,000. The 2006 marine capture catch in Croatian waters consisted of sardines (44.8%), anchovies (31.3%), tunas (2.7%), other pelagic fish (4.8%), hake (2.4%), mullet (2.1%), other demersal fish (8.3%), crustaceans (largely lobster and Nephrops norvegicus) (0.8%), shellfish (largely oysters and mussels) (0.3%), cuttlefish (0.6%), squids (0.2%) and octopuses and other cephalopods (1.6%). Croatian marine aquaculture production consisted of tuna (47.2%), oysters and mussels (28.2% combined) and bass and bream (24.6% combined).</p><br>
<p>In 2007, Albanian fisheries production amounted to 7,505 t, including aquaculture production, which reached 1,970 t in 2006. At the same time, Slovenian fisheries produced a total of 2,500 t with 55% of the production volume originating in aquaculture, representing the highest ratio in the Adriatic. Finally, the Montenegrin fisheries production stood at 911 t in 2006, with only 11 tonnes coming from aquaculture. In 2007, the fisheries production in Bosnia–Herzegovina reached volume of 9,625 t and 2,463 t in Slovenia.</p><br>
<h3>Tourism</h3><br>
<p>The countries bordering the Adriatic Sea are significant tourist destinations. The largest number of tourist overnight stays and the most numerous tourist accommodation facilities are recorded in Italy, especially in the Veneto region (around Venice). Veneto is followed by the Emilia-Romagna region and by the Adriatic Croatian counties. The Croatian tourist facilities are further augmented by 21,000 nautical ports and moorings; nautical tourists are attracted to various types of marine protected areas.</p><br>
<p>All countries along the Adriatic coast, except Albania and Bosnia–Herzegovina, take part in the Blue Flag beach certification programme (of the Foundation for Environmental Education), for beaches and marinas meeting strict quality standards including environmental protection, water quality, safety and services criteria. As of January 2012, the Blue Flag has been awarded to 103 Italian Adriatic beaches and 29 marinas, 116 Croatian beaches and 19 marinas, 7 Slovenian beaches and 2 marinas, and 16 Montenegrin beaches. Adriatic tourism is a significant source of income for these countries, especially in Croatia and Montenegro where the tourism income generated along the Adriatic coast represents the bulk of such income. The direct contribution of travel and tourism to Croatia&#39;s GDP stood at 5.1% in 2011, with the total industry contribution estimated at 12.8% of the national GDP. For Montenegro, the direct contribution of tourism to the national GDP is 8.1%, with the total contribution to the economy at 17.2% of Montenegrin GDP. Tourism in Adriatic Croatia has recently exhibited greater growth than in the other regions around the Adriatic.</p><br>
<h3>Transport</h3><br>
<p>There are nineteen Adriatic Sea ports (in four different countries) that each handle more than a million tonnes of cargo per year. The largest cargo ports among them are the Port of Trieste (the largest Adriatic cargo port in Italy), the Port of Venice, the Port of Ravenna, the Port of Koper (the largest Slovenian port), the Port of Rijeka (the largest Croatian cargo port), and the Port of Brindisi. The largest passenger ports in the Adriatic are the Port of Split (the largest Croatian passenger port) and ports in Ancona (the largest Italian passenger seaport in the Adriatic). The largest seaport in Montenegro is the Port of Bar. In 2010, the Northern Adriatic seaports of Trieste, Venice, Ravenna, Koper and Rijeka founded the North Adriatic Ports Association to position themselves more favourably in the EU&#39;s transport systems.</p><br>
<h3>Oil and gas</h3><br>
<p>Natural gas is produced through several projects, including a joint venture of the Eni and INA companies that operates two platforms—one is in Croatian waters and draws gas from six wells, and the other (which started operating in 2010) is located in Italian waters. The Adriatic gas fields were discovered in the 1970s, but their development commenced in 1996. In 2008, INA produced 14.58 million BOE per day of gas. About 100 offshore platforms are located in the Emilia-Romagna region, along with 17 in the Northern Adriatic. Eni estimated its concessions in the Adriatic Sea to hold at least 40,000,000,000 m&sup3; of natural gas, adding that they may even reach 100,000,000,000 m&sup3;. INA estimates, however, are 50% lower than those supplied by Eni. Oil was discovered in the Northern Adriatic at a depth of approximately 5,400 m; the discovery was assessed as not viable because of its location, depth and quality. These gas and oil reserves are part of the Po basin Province of Northern Italy and the Northern Mediterranean Sea.</p><br>
<p>In the 2000s, investigation works aimed at discovering gas and oil reserves in the Middle and Southern Adriatic basins intensified, and by the decades end, oil and natural gas reserves were discovered southeast of the Bari, Brindisi—Rovesti and Giove oil discoveries. Surveys indicate reserves of 3 billion barrels of oil in place and 2,000,000,000,000 cuft of gas in place. The discovery was followed by further surveys off the Croatian coast. In January 2012, INA commenced prospecting for oil off Dubrovnik, marking the resumption of oil exploration along the eastern Adriatic coast after surveys commenced in the late 1980s around the island of Brač were cancelled because of Yugoslavias breakup and war in Croatia. Montenegro is also expected to look for oil off its coast. As of January 2012, only 200 exploration wells had been sunk off the Croatian coast, with all but 30 in the Northern Adriatic basin.</p><br>
<p>The Corni di Canzo ,  are a group of mountains located in the Triangolo lariano , to the south of Lake Como. Administratively they belong to the province of Como.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>They are three peaks, from east to west, named after Canzo town, in fact central and western horns edge val Ravella valley and the territory of Canzo and Valbrona town. Only the third peak, the smallest, is in the territory of Valmadrera town.</p><br>
<p>Western horn is 1373 meters high, the central one 1368 meters and the eastern is only 1232 meters.</p><br>
<p>The two highest peaks are well visible in Brianza and look like horns.</p><br>
<h2>SOIUSA classification</h2><br>
<p>According to the SOIUSA (International Standardized Mountain Subdivision of the Alps) the mountain can be classified in the following way:</p><br>
<p>main part=Western Alps</p><br>
<p>major sector=North Western Alps</p><br>
<p>section=Lugano Prealps</p><br>
<p>subsection=Prealpi Comasche</p><br>
<p>supergroup=Catena del Triangolo Lariano</p><br>
<p>group=Gruppo dei Corni di Canzo</p><br>
<p>subgroup=Sottogruppo dei Corni di Canzo</p><br>
<p>code=I/B-11.I-C.9.a</p><br>
<h2>Mountain huts</h2><br>
<p>Not far from the mountain are available two mountain huts: Rifugio SEV (Società Escursionisti Valmadreresi), on the northern slopes of the central horn at 1,125 m, and Rifugio Terz&#39;Alpe, located on the way from Canzo to the mountain.</p><br>
<p>The Zion – Mount Carmel Highway is a 25 mi long road in Utah in the USA, with a 1.1 mi long tunnel. The road runs from the entrance to Zion eastward to Mount Carmel Junction with US 89 as a portion of Utah State Route 9. The road became part of a loop tour of Zion, Bryce Canyon, Cedar Breaks and the North Rim of Grand Canyon National Park.</p><br>
<p>The route was surveyed in 1923 by B.J. Finch, district engineer of the US Bureau of Public Roads, Howard C. Means, a Utah state engineer, and John Winder, a local rancher. The National Park Service evaluated alternative routes, including one that used Parunuweap Canyon, but settled on the Pine Creek route, which required a tunnel through the Great Arch. Detailed design work on the road was carried out by the Bureau of Public Roads. Details including bridges, retaining walls, culverts and other features were designed by the National Park Service Branch of Plans and Design under the supervision of Thomas Chalmers Vint. Work began in 1927 on a total of 25 mi of road, which was completed in 1930.</p><br>
<h2>Design and construction</h2><br>
<p>The highway features a 5,613 ft tunnel that follows the profile of the Pine Creek Canyon wall at a consistent distance of 21 ft from the outside face of the rock to the centerline of the tunnel. The west portal is framed by a masonry facade of cut sandstone, while the east portal is a naturalistically formed hole in the rock, entered directly from a bridge. Construction proceeded using mining techniques rather than traditional tunneling techniques, starting from a stope and working outward to the portals. The tunnel uses galleries to provide light and ventilation through the canyon wall to the outside air. The galleries also provided a place to dispose of rock generated during construction, which was dumped through the galleries into the canyon. Parking spaces were originally provided at the galleries, but were discontinued due to safety concerns. Some galleries have been repaired and partially closed with concrete due to damage from rockslides. The interior of the tunnel is rock-faced, with concrete reinforcement at selected locations. Work on the tunnel was started in 1927 by the Nevada Construction Company and was completed in 1930 at a cost of $503,000.</p><br>
<p>Other significant structures include the Pine Creek and Virgin River Bridges and a second, short tunnel through a rock spur east of the main tunnel.</p><br>
<p>The Zion – Mount Carmel Highway was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
